I must here again mention the American investigator, Boris Sidis, whose work, The Psychology of Suggestion, is directed to the elucidation, not only of hypnotic, but more especially of non-hypnotic suggestion.

In order to facilitate a general discussion of the most important questions in the domain of hypnotism, a congress met in Paris in August 1889, at which nearly all civilized nations, including Germany, were represented, and at which many important matters were cleared up. In general, it may be said that the views of the Nancy school carried the day. A second congress met in Paris in 1900. Raymond, Charcot's successor, attempted in his introductory address to represent the congress as a reconciliatory meeting of Charcot's school with that of Nancy, and many speakers - Berillon, Crocq, Magnin - emphasized, on the lines of Charcot's teaching, the similarity subsisting between certain phases of hysteria and many of the phenomena of hypnosis. Still, on the whole, the views of the Nancy school prevailed at this congress. More recently many congresses and scientific assemblies have occupied themselves with hypnotism. Only a few need be mentioned. At the Olten meeting of the Swiss Medical Association in 1888, Forel delivered an address on the therapeutics of suggestion.

At the International Congress for Psychiatrics, held at Paris in 1889, Ladame spoke of the therapeutic value of suggestion, but was opposed by Benedikt. At the Congress of Russian Physicians in St. Petersburg in 1889, Tokarski and Danillo introduced an interesting discussion in the neurological section. In 1890, Berillon discussed the therapeutics of suggestion at the International Medical Congress in Berlin. At the meeting of the British Medical Association held at Bournemouth in 1891, A. Voisin addressed the Section of Psychiatry on the criminal importance of hypnotic suggestion; and at the International Medical Congress, Moscow, 1897, Bernheim called attention to the importance of hypnotism and suggestion for medical jurisprudence. At the three International Congresses for Experimental Psychology, interesting communications on hypnotism were brought forward; the London Congress of 1892 was divided into two sections, one of which was specially devoted to hypnotism, F. Myers being its secretary, and Eeden read a long paper on the principles of psychotherapeutics. Hypnotism was also discussed at the third International Congress of Psychology, in Munich in 1897; and at the Congress of Psychology held in Rome in 1905, both hypnotism and suggestion were dealt with.

At the Congress of Criminal Anthropology held in Brussels in 1892, hypnotism was discussed. In 1894, at the International Medical Congress in Rome, Hirt introduced the subject of hypnosis; Sollier and Benedikt appeared as opponents, and the chief advocates of the value of hypnotic therapeutics, besides Hirt, were Hitzig and Berillon. In 1897, a Congress of Neurology, Psychiatry, Electro-therapeutics, and Hypnology met in Brussels. Ltegeois addressed the congress on criminal suggestion, Bramwell on the therapeutic value of hypnotism, Castelain on suggestion in everyday life, and Aime on the value of hypnotic suggestion in the waking state. The question of using hypnotism and suggestion in the treatment of children considered criminals, but in reality psychopathic, was discussed by Jules Voisin and Berillon at the Congress of Criminal Anthropology held at Amsterdam in 1901, and the value of hypnosis and suggestion in relation to the psychology of crowds was outlined in the reports handed in by Jelgersma and Sighele. At the Congress of the South-Western Association of German Alienists which was held in Stuttgart in 1902, a discussion on hypnotism and psycho-therapeutics followed on an address by Franck and a communication by Bezzola, in which Krehl and Hecker took part.

Hypnotism was also discussed at the Thirteenth Congress of French-speaking Alienists and Neurologists in Pau, in 1904.

Under the title of La Sociite d'Hypnologie et de Psychologies a scientific society was formed in 1889, in Paris, for the special cultivation of hypnotism; its first president was Dumontpailier, a post now held by Jules Voisin. A similar society has recently been founded in Moscow. The existence of other scientific societies interested in hypnotism may be briefly mentioned.

Various journals are now devoted to hypnotism. While in France the Revue de l'Hypnotisme, edited by Berillon, has been published for nineteen years, in Germany a Zeitschrift fur Hypnotismus was founded in 1892, but ceased to appear on the completion of the tenth volume in 1902. Simultaneously with the demise of the Zeitschrift, the Journal fur Psyclwlogie und Neurologie began to appear; it is published by Forel and Oskar Vogt, edited by Brodmann, and treats the domain of hypnotism from a broad point of view. It embraces a wider field than the Zeitschrift, taking in those special psychological questions which are of interest to the neuro-biologist. Certainly a succession of interesting and valuable articles has appeared in these periodicals. There have been, of course, other periodicals devoted to hypnotism, but most of them have gone under after a brief existence. Another French journal, the Annales de Psychiatrie, must here be mentioned. In Italy we find Magnetismo e Ipnotismo, a journal edited by Olinto del Torto, which was at the same time the organ of an Italian scientific society occupied with the questions of animal magnetism and hypnosis.

America also has produced numerous periodicals dealing with hypnotism, but like many published in Europe, they cannot be accredited with much scientific worth. When founding the Zeitschrift fur Hypnotismus Sommer referred to the danger lest the connection between hypnosis and psycho-pathology generally be lost sight of. The manner in which Vogt and Berillon have edited, and continue to edit, their respective German and French journals shows that this assertion is not well grounded.