Occasionally we find hypnosis thoroughly discussed in other medical works; for example, in Eulenburg and Samuel's comprehensive treatise, Allgemeine Therapie, in which the section on psycho-therapeutics is written by Ziehen. The question is similarly treated in Eulenburg's Real-Enzyklopddie, and in the Enzyklopddischen Jakrbiicher, which are supplemental to the former. For these Corval and, later on, Schrenck-Notzing have contributed diligent and detailed criticisms of the most recent works on the subject. In Penzoldt and Stinzing's Handbuch der Speziellen Therapie the section in question has been prepared by Liebermeister, who writes with reserve on hypnosis, and gives preference to suggestion applied when the patient is awake.

Other authors worked at the particular subjects which have a relation to hypnotism without laying special stress on its therapeutic value, as we have already seen was the case with many French investigators. As far as Germany is concerned the works of Lilienthal, Rieger, Drucker, Heberle, Loos, and Neumeister must here be named, which inquired into the legal side of the question. Krafft-Ebing published an extremely detailed experimental study of two cases; Max Dessoir compiled a valuable bibliography of modern hypnotism, with appendix; further, Nussbaum, Nonne, Bleuler, Otto Effertz, Huckel, Kocks, Maack, D. Weiss, Sallis, Binder, Dreher, Moravcsik, Heboid, Hitzig, William Hirsch, Straaten and Tromner must be named. A short but useful book on hypnotism was long ago produced by Minde, who rescued from oblivion many little known facts contained in ancient and modern literature.

Here, too, we must specially mention various works on psychology in which hypnotism is also discussed, such as Wundt's Grundzilge der Physiologischen Psychologies and the same author's Grundriss der Psychologie; likewise James's books on psychology; also the new edition of Volkmann's Lehrbuch der Psychologie by Cornelius, and the works of Paul Carus, Kiilpe, Hcefler, Miinsterberg, Lipps, and finally Heilmann and Jahn's Psychologie als Grundwissenchaft der Padagogik.

It would be altogether a mistake to fix the therapeutic value of hypnosis as the standard by which it is to be judged, for that would lead to the neglect of other factors; for example, the psychological importance of the subject. As a matter of fact, a series of investigators have recognized the great value of hypnotism, particularly in this direction - above all, Krafft-Ebing, Forel, Max Dessoir, and Ribot In Germany many scientific societies have made valuable contributions to this branch of the subject. Such are the Psychological Society in Munich and the former Society for Experimental Psychology in Berlin, to which we owe a series of remarkable works by Max Dessoir, Bastian, Hellwald and Bentivegni. Later on, Vogt, of Berlin, called special attention to hypnosis as a means of psychological research. By some psychologists - Wundt, for example - it is denied that hypnotism is of value in experimentaj psychology. At the same time Wundt admits that, like dreaming and insanity, it is a proper object for psychological observation; but its value to the psychologist is not equal to its high value to the physician.

I may here briefly mention that considerable space is devoted to hypnotism in many philosophical works, and in such as deal with the history of civilization, but particularly in those treating of occultism and superstition. To the latter category belong the works of Lehmann and Hennig.

The theologians have not been able to leave hypnotism alone altogether, although they sometimes attribute it to the agency of the devil. Among the authors who have dealt with hypnotism from the standpoint of the Church, I may name Franco, Meric, Finlay, Haas, and Cocconier, of whom the last named, though condemning hypnotism as a rule on moral grounds, justifies its use in a good cause. I may further mention that Rohnert, an Evangelical pastor, condemns hypnotism from the Christian standpoint even when it proves an effective therapeutic agent, and Schiitz describes it as illegal and objectionable on rational grounds. On the other hand, Ziegler would grant its use to physicians expert in hypnosis.

The domain of suggestion, though not identical with hypnosis, is intimately and historically connected therewith. Formerly the two were studied together, but of recent years suggestion has been dealt with separately. It is a matter of common knowledge that treatment by suggestion has been developed from the therapeutical employment of hypnosis. I may here mention one of the larger treatises in which the important part played by suggestion in the causation and cure of disease is discussed - Les Phinonienes de Suggestion et d'Auto-Suggestion (1903), by Lefevre, a Belgian army surgeon. Other inquirers also have investigated the domain of suggestion apart from medical considerations. The general significance of suggestion for social life as well as for art and science, has been treated in Die Psychologie der Suggestion (1892), by Schmidkunz, assisted by Gerster, a physician. Although the book betrays mystical tendencies, it is replete with valuable suggestions and historical references. In a small work entitled Personality-Suggestion, published in 1894, J. Mark Badwin called attention to the difference in the suggestive influence exerted by different persons on children.

The educational value of suggestion in general has been discussed by T. Felix Thomas, in his book, La Suggestion, son Role dans l'Education, published in 1895; and the general social importance of suggestion by Becterew. Grohmann has dealt with suggestion by letter, and demon: strated the dangers of character-reading by advertizing graphologists. In 1900, Binet published a book, La Suggestibilite, in which the susceptibility of children to non-hypnotic suggestion is discussed; the author also furnishes historical data on the gradual differentiation of suggestion from hypnotism, and at the same time demonstrates that the classification of personal characteristics, as given by Tissie, Bolton, and Lapouge, is based entirely upon suggestibility. Numerous other investigators have dealt with suggestion and suggestibility from the psychological point of view; among them I may mention Hellpach, who dwells upon the connection subsisting between suggestibility and hysteria. But it is to Lipps that credit is particularly due for having, in a lucid and stimulating discourse, attempted to give a psychological basis to, and a delimitation of, the problem of suggestion.