In various universities and colleges of the United States the study of hypnotism has been carried on; for example, at Wellesley College, as Whiton Calkins reports. A scientific association, the American Society for Psychical Research, now affiliated to the English Society, has also been formed in the United States. In several of the South American States serious inquirers have turned to the study of hypnotic phenomena; for example, Octavio Maira and David Benavente in Chili; Barreto, Fajardo, and Jaguaribe in Brazil. In Cuba the physicians Villamonga and Diaz may be named. Damoglou, of Cairo, also has studied hypnotic suggestion.

As was to be expected, hypnotism very soon began to arouse greater interest in Germany. Although the investigations incited by the exhibitions of Hansen had left no lasting impress, yet from time to time individual inquirers, such as Obersteiner of Vienna, Frankel of Dessau, and Mobius, had endeavoured to draw attention to hypnotism in Germany by clear and impartial reports. Experiments in therapeutics had also occasionally been made; for example, by Creutzfeldt, Wiebe, E. L. Fischer, Berkhan. But no general interest was aroused until 1887, when I delivered an address on the question before the Medical Society of Berlin, in which I related my own experiences and certain observations I had made at Nancy. Certainly the address was not at all favourably received, and two men, who were obviously only acquainted with Charcot's investigation and not with those of the Nancy school, opposed me. Ewald objected altogether to such a method of treatment being designated medical, and Mendel attacked hypnosis on account of its manifold dangers. As a natural consequence an exaggerated mistrust of hypnosis was engendered, and only gave way when a more objective conception of the question made itself felt.

This occurred when Forel, who had been giving instruction in hypnosis in Switzerland in connection with the Nancy school, insisted on the importance of the subject, and at the same time especially denounced the manner in which Ewald and Mendel sought to settle the question.

A really stirring activity now set in in Germany also. The importance of suggestion for hypnosis was recognized; and many physicians, following the example of the Nancy schcol, commenced therapeutic experiments with hypnosis in Germany. Among them may be named Sperling, Nonne, Michael, Hess. I must further especially mention Schrenck-Notzing, who was one of the very first pronounced advocates for the therapeutical application of hypnosis; alro Hosslin and Baierlacher, who discovered the reaction of degeneration, but who unfortunately died shortly after turning his attention to hypnotism. Among those who, in Germany, either employed or recommended the therapeutical application of suggestion may also be mentioned Corval, Schuster, Hirt, Ad. Barth, Briigelmann, Hecker, Max Hirsch, Scholz,Gerster, Stein, Seif, Tatzel, Stadelmann, Placzek, Gumpertz, Delius, Steiner, Schutze, Herzberg, Sjostrom, Stegrhann. We must also remember Loewenfeld, on account of his various contributions to the therapeutical side of hypnosis and kindred questions, as well as for his detailed treatise on hypnotism.

I must here mention several other Berlin physicians who, by their individual investigations, furthered the therapeutical side of the question, and by so doing were able to illuminate the broader domain of psychology and psychotherapy - for example, Vogt and Hirschlaff. The former, aided by several of his pupils, notably Brodmann, essentially improved the technique of medical hypnotism. Others to be named are Georg Flatau, of Berlin; Georg Wanke, of Friedrich-roda; Hilgef, of Magdeburg; and Dolken, of Marburg.

We find, likewise, a number of physicians in Austro-Hungary active in the same field. Here Obersteiner continued his earlier investigations, but special mention must be made of Krafft-Ebing and his pupil Alfred Fuchs, who, like Schrenck-Notzing, laid stress on the importance of hypnotic suggestion in the treatment of cases of sexual perversion. I may also mention Freud and Breuer, who recommend a peculiar method of treatment, the cathartic; also Frey, Schnitzler, F. Muller, Donath, Mosing.

Ziemssen, Nothnagel, Seeligmuller, Benedikt, Koberlin, Richter, Schultze, Windscheid and others set their faces most decidedly against the therapeutic use of hypnosis. Some emphasized its dangers, while others gave prominence to its uselessness. The cursory nature of the work upon which many of these assumptions were based was soon demonstrated. For example, it was shown by Schrenck-Notzing that Friedrich, a pupil of Ziemssen's, who had particularly animadverted on the dangers of hypnotism, was himself "a transgressor against the most elementary demands of those who advocated hypno-therapeutic interference in the treatment of disease."

Putting aside the numerous works which deal exclusively with hypnotism, we find this subject discussed in many books chiefly concerned with other themes. I may mention the various works on nervous and mental diseases. Hirt and Mobius, likewise Gowers and Oppenheiner, have inserted more or less comprehensive chapters on hypnotism in their works. The same is true of many writers on psychiatrics; for example, Krafft-Ebing and Kraepelin, both of whom mention the therapeutic value of hypnosis in their books. The value of hypnosis when other means fail is admitted by Sommer though Kirchhoff, in his Psychiatrie, treats hypnosis as being more a psychological phenomenon.

We also find hypnotism discussed in works dealing specially with nervous diseases; in Muller's Handbuch der Neurasthenie there is an extensive chapter by Schrenck-Notzing on hypnotic and especially suggestive therapeutics. Borel, also, in his book, Nervosisme ou NeurasthSnie, deals briefly with treatment by suggestion, which he conditionally allows; as also does Lcewenfeld in his book on hysteria and neurasthenia. Hypnotism is fully dealt with by Pitres in his work on hysteria and hypnotic treatment, by Binswanger in his great treatise on the same subject, in which he justly only covers a portion of psycho-therapeutics.