Hypnotism found an entrance to many other countries. In Switzerland it gained numerous adherents, among whom I may mention Bleuler, Ringier, Bonjour, Liengme, but more particularly Forel, who, as the most determined follower of the Nancy school, enthusiastically supported the theory of hypnotic and non-hypnotic suggestion. In Belgium the eminent psychologist Delbceuf, of Liege, smoothed the way for it. Several lawyers, like Bonjean and Mallar, interested themselves in the new science, especially in its forensic aspects; and among physicians may be mentioned Moreau, Velsen, Maes, Crocq, and Spehl. Perhaps greater progress was made in Holland, where Stephan's objective treatment of the question threw light upon a subject which might have been obscured by Cattie's opposition. Numerous physicians made use of hypnotism in Holland for curative purposes. Among the Dutch pioneers of hypnotism we must reckon Renterghem and Eeden, of Amsterdam, and de Jong, of The Hague. Of the numerous Dutch physicians who made practical use of hypnotism, I may mention Reeling Brouwer, of The Hague; Breuking, of Scheveningen; Hekma, of Groningen; and Stigter, of Leyden. Other advocates of hypnotism to be named are Deventer and Jelgersma. At the second Congress of Hypnotists, held in 1900, Renterghem published a list of Dutch physicians who practise hypnotism for curative purposes, from which I have extracted some of the details given above.

In Denmark, Sweden, and Norway we find also a series of inquirers - Johannessen, Sell, Frankel, Carlsen, Schleisner, Reiersen, Velander, Geijerstam, and most particularly Wetterstrand, of Stockholm, who uses hypnotism therapeutically to a very great extent; also Lehmann, of Copenhagen, an earnest advocate of the psychology of hypnotism; also in Russia, where Stembo, Michailow, Tokarski, Bechterew, Rossolimo, Meyer, Rybakoff, Orlitzky, Brodowski, Repman, Matveef, and Wiazemsky of Saratoff, are to be mentioned, although the Government have put many difficulties in the way of studying hypnotism. In Greece and Spain, where Pulido used suggestion therapeutically many years before Bernheim, hypnotism has gained in importance. E. Bertr&n Rubio, of Barcelona, has published a comprehensive work entitled Hypnotismo y Suggestion. Among Italian investigators may be mentioned Lombroso, Belfiore, Morselli, Tonoli, Ottolenghi, as well as Olinto del Torto, the editor of Magnetismo e Ipnotismo, Ellero, Cantani, and Ehren-freund.

In England there exists a scientific society - the Society for Psychical Research - which, besides examining certain mystical phenomena, also does much to promote the study of hypnotism. The members of this society are all men of high scientific and social standing, of whom I need only mention Ramsay, Stanley Hall, and the late Professor Sidgwick. Gurney and Frederick Meyers must here be especially mentioned as promoters of the study of hypnosis in the Society for Psychical Research. Before this Hack Tuke had often called attention to hypnotism in England. He was, however, unable to excite any enduring interest in the matter; nor were Gamgee, who in 1878 reported on his observations of Charcot's experiments, and Whitehead, who in 1885 wrote concerning some experiments at Manchester, more successful (Felkin). At the same time, as Felkin remarks, numerous works dealing with hypnotism appeared from time to time in England; as by Gasquet in 1887, by Karl Grossmann in 1888, by Foy, and especially by Preyer, who spoke on hypnotism at the British Medical Association meeting in 1880. Among more recent investigators in England I may mention Lloyd Tuckey, of London, who has made many therapeutic applications of hypnosis on the lines of the Nancy school; as well as Kingsbury, Hart, Vincent, and Coates. Special mention must here be made of Bramwell, who by a series of contributions extending over a number of years, and more particularly by his recent book Hypnotism, has done so much to promote the study and therapeutic application of hypnosis.

In Scotland, Felkin has done much for hypnotism in a small but careful and interesting book on the question; also George Robertson, who advocated the use of hypnosis in the treatment of mental diseases. As Bramwell mentions, Sir Francis Cruise remained about the only writer on hypnotism in Ireland. At all events, in spite of numerous opponents, among whom Norman Kerr and Burney may be named, hypnotism has thus won citizenship in England. Moreover, at the Birmingham meeting of the British Medical Association in 1890, a committee of physicians was appointed to test hypnotism psychologically, physiologically, and therapeutically. This committee, which included among its members Hack Tuke, Langley, Needham, Broadbent, Kingsbury, and Clouston, presented its report in 1892. In this report not only was the reality of hypnotism recognized and its symptoms described, but hypnosis was warmly recommended for therapeutic purposes, especially for insomnia, pain, and numerous functional disorders. The results in dipsomania were mentioned as peculiarly encouraging.

In other quarters of the globe, especially in America, it had also awakened great interest. Beard had already long ago occupied himself with the question. Unfortunately, his investigations are not known to the extent they deserve. In 1881 Beard also attempted, at the International Congress of Physicians in London, to interest European physicians in hypnotism. The results he obtained were the opposite of those he desired, as may be seen from the writings of various eyewitnesses, Mortimer Granville, Donkin, and Crichton Browne, in the British Medical Journal, although the first-named, Granville, at the International Medical Congress in London in 1881, had referred to the possibility of hypnotizing the insane. Although Beard's exertions were at first fruitless, at a later period many in America occupied themselves with the problem of hypnosis. Among recent investigators may be named Funkhouser, Hamilton Osgood, William Lee, Howard, Pope, Gerrish, Fitzgerald, Clark Bell, Hulst, Hammond, Dana, Vermeren, Axtell, Booth. Sidis made special investigations into the psychology of suggestion as a means of studying personality, and in this was to an extent under the guidance of William James, of the University of Harvard; he published a monograph on the Psychology of Suggestion, but the work is not based entirely upon observations made upon persons in the hypnotic state.