What is condensation?

Condensation is the passage of a body from the vaporous to the liquid state. It is the opposite of the action of evaporation.

What provisions are made necessary on the plumbing system because of condensation?

All fixture vents should pitch toward the traps which they serve, and the main line of vent should be carried into the stack below the lowest fixture, in order that the collection of condensation may be carried off.

What is distillation?

It is the separation of two liquids from each other, or the separation of a liquid and substances which it holds in solution. Distillation is formed by heating the liquid and condensing the vapor which is formed.

What is meant by hydraulics?

Hydraulics is the conducting and raising of water through pipes.

What laws govern the pressure of liquids?

1. Pressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted undiminished in all directions, and acts with the same force on all equal surfaces, and at right angles to those surfaces.

2. The pressure at each level of a liquid is proportional to its depth.

3. With different liquids and the same depth, the pressure is proportional to the density of the liquid.

4. The pressure is the same at all points on any given level of a liquid.

What is the buoyancy of a liquid?

The pressure of the upper layers of a body of liquid on the lower parts causes the latter to exert an equal reactive force in an upward direction. This is called the buoyancy of the liquid.

Does the pressure of a liquid depend on the shape of the vessel which contains it?

It does not.

What is fluid friction?

In flowing over any surface, for instance the sides of pipe, a fluid meets with more or less resistance from the surface. This resistance is known as friction.

What are the laws which govern the friction of fluids?

1 Friction does not depend in the least on the pressure of the fluid upon the surface over which it is flowing.

2. Friction is proportional to the area of the surface.

3. At a low velocity (not more than one inch per second for water), friction increases with the velocity of the liquid.

4. Friction increases with the roughness of the surface.

5. Friction increases with the density of the liquid.

Is the friction of water greater in small or in large pipes, and why?

Friction is greater comparatively, in the small pipe, for a greater proportion of the water comes in contact with the sides of the pipe than in the case of the large pipe.

How does the compressibility of air and water compare?

Air is extremely compressible, while water is almost incompressible.

In what way is the compressibility of air made use of in plumbing?

In the operation of air chambers.

In what way is the incompressibility of water made use of?

In the operation of the hydraulic ram.