Hackberry. 70. Hackberry (Celtis Occidentalis) (Sugarberry)

The handsome wood heavy, hard, strong, quite tough, of moderately fine texture, and greenish or yellowish white color; shrinks moderately, works well, and takes a good polish. So far but little used in the manufacture of furniture. Medium to large sized tree, locally quite common, largest in the lower Mississippi Valley; occurs in nearly all parts of the eastern United States.

Hickory

Wood very heavy, hard, and strong, proverbially tough, of rather coarse texture, smooth and of straight grain. The broad sapwood white, the heart reddish nut-brown. It dries slowly, shrinks and checks considerably; is not durable in the ground, or if exposed, and, especially the sapwood, is always subject to the inroads of boring insects. Hickory excels as carriage and wagon stock, but is also extensively used in the manufacture of implements and machinery, for tool handles, timber pins, for harness work, and cooperage. The hickories are tall trees with slender stems, never form forests, occasionally small groves, but usually occur scattered among other broad-leaved trees in suitable localities. The following species all contribute more or less to the hickory of the markets: -

71. Shagbark Hickory (Hicoria Ovata) (Shellbark Hickory)

A medium to large sized tree, quite common; the favorite among hickories; best developed in the Ohio and Mississippi basins; from Lake Ontario to Texas, Minnesota to Florida.

72. Mocker Nut Hickory (Hicoria Alba) (Black Hickory, Bull And Black Nut, Big Bud, And White-Heart Hickory)

A medium to large sized tree, with the same range as the foregoing; common, especially in the South.

73. Pignut Hickory (Hicoria Glabra) (Brown Hickory, Black Hickory, Switch-Bud Hickory)

Medium to large sized tree, abundant; all eastern United States.

74. Bitternut Hickory (Hicoria Minima) (Swamp Hickory)

A medium-sized tree, favoring wet localities, with the same range as the preceding.

75. Pecan (Hicoria Pecan) (Illinois Nut)

A large tree, very common in the fertile bottoms of the Western streams. Indiana to Nebraska and southward to Louisiana and Texas. HOLLY.

76. Holly (Ilex Opaca)

Wood of medium weight, hard, strong, tough, of fine texture and white color; works and stands well, used for cabinetwork and turnery. A small tree, most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf States, but occurring eastward to Massachusetts and north to Indiana.

Horse-Chestnut

(See Buckeye).

Ironwood

(See Blue Beech).

Locust

This name applies to both of the following:

77. Black Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia) (Black Locust, Yellow Locust)

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, and tough, of coarse texture, very durable in contact with the soil, shrinks considerably and suffers in seasoning; the very narrow sap wood yellowish, the heartwood brown, with shades of red and green. Used for wagon hubs, treenails or pins, but especially for ties, posts, etc. Abroad it is much used for furniture and farm implements and also in turnery. Small to medium sized tree, at home in the Allegha-nies, extensively planted, especially in the West.

78. Honey Locust (Gleditschia Triacanthos) (Black Locust, Sweet Locust, Three-Thorned Acacia)

Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, of coarse texture, susceptible of a good polish, the narrow sapwood yellow, the heartwood brownish red. So far but little appreciated except for fencing and fuel; used to some extent for wagon hubs and in rough construction. A medium-sized tree, found from Pennsylvania to Nebraska and southward to Florida and Texas; locally quite abundant.

Magnolia

(See Tulip Wood).

Maple

Wood heavy, hard, strong, stiff, and tough, fine texture, frequently wavy-grained, this giving rise to "curly" and "blister" figures; not durable in the ground or otherwise exposed. Maple is creamy white, with shades of light brown in the heart; shrinks moderately, seasons, works, and stands well, wears smoothly, and takes a fine polish. The wood is used for ceiling, flooring, paneling, stairway, and other finishing lumber in house, ship, and car construction; it is used for the keels of boats and ships, in the manufacture of implements and machinery, but especially for furniture, where entire chamber sets of maple rival those of oak. Maple is also used for shoe lasts and other form blocks, for shoe pegs, for piano actions, for school apparatus, for wood type in show-bill printing, tool handles, in wood carving, turnery, and scroll work. The maples are medium-sized trees, of fairly rapid growth; sometimes form forests and frequently constitute a large proportion of the arborescent growth.

79. Sugar Maple (Acer Saccharum) (Hard Maple, Rock Maple)

Medium to large sized tree, very common, forms considerable forests. Maine to Minnesota, abundant, with birch, in parts of the pineries; southward to northern Florida; most abundant in the region of the Great Lakes.

80. Red Maple (Acer Rubrum) (Swamp Or Water Maple)

Medium-sized tree. Like the preceding, but scattered along water courses and other moist localities.

81. Silver Maple (Acer Saccharinum) (Soft Maple, Silver Maple)

Medium sized, common; wood lighter, softer, inferior to hard maple, and usually offered in small quantities and held separate in the market. Valley of the Ohio, but occurs from Maine to Dakota and southward to Florida.

82. Broad-Leafed Maple (Acer Macrophyllum)

Medium-sized tree, forms considerable forests, and like the preceding has a lighter, softer, and less valuable wood. Pacific Coast.