This section is from the book "The Horse - Its Treatment In Health And Disease", by J. Wortley Axe. Also available from Amazon: The Horse. Its Treatment In Health And Disease.
Grains in an Ounce and a Pound | |
1 ounce | 437½ grains. |
16 ounces | 7000 grains or 1 lb. |
Spoons as Fluid Measure | |
A tea-spoon holds ... | one fluid dram. |
A dessert-spoon holds | two fluid drams. |
A table-spoon holds | half an ounce. |
A wine bottle holds | 1. pint. |
Doses According to Age | |
For a yearling | ⅓ that for an aged horse. |
For a two-year-old ... | ½ that for an aged horse. |
For a three-year-old | 2/3 that for an aged horse. |
For a four-year-old ... | ¾ that for an aged horse. |
For a five-year-old ... | Full dose. |
Coins as Weights | |
A threepenny piece | weighs one scruple (20 grains). |
A sixpence ... | weighs two scruples (40 grains). |
A shilling piece | weighs 80 grains. |
3½ sovereigns | weigh one ounce. |
Three penny pieces and a threepenny piece | weigh one ounce. |
The above are approximately correct, but should not be used for active drugs as strychnine or morphine.
Class of Medicine. | Examples. | |
Improve the general condition of the body without exercising any perceptible local action. | Arsenic, iodine and its salts, linseed oil in small doses, antimony, chloride of sodium. | |
Destroy sensation. | 1. Locally. Cold, cocaine, carbolic acid, ether spray. | |
2. Generally. Chloroform, ether. | ||
Anaphrodisiacs. | Diminish the sexual appetite. | Bromide and iodide of potassium, camphor, digitalis, purgatives. |
Anodynes. | Subdue pain. | |
2. Generally. Belladonna, chloral, hyoseyamus, opium. | ||
Antacids. | Neutralize excessive acidity in the stomach and bowels. | Potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, chalk. |
Anthelmintics. | Destroy or remove intestinal worms. | 1. Those infesting the rectum. Injections of solution of common salt, infusion of quassia, eucalyptol, catechu, etc. |
2. For Nematodes or round worms. Santonin. | ||
Class of Medicine. | Action. | Examples. |
Anthelmintics. | Destroy or remove intestinal worms. | 3. For tape-worms. Male fern, kousso, areca-nut, turpentine. |
Antihydroties. | Diminish secretion of sweat. | Mineral acids, belladonna, hyoscyamus, nux vomica, quinine, strychnia. |
Antiperiodics. | Prevent the recurrence of certain diseases whose nature it is to return periodically. | Quinine, cinchonine, arsenic, salicylic acid, etc. |
Lower the temperature of the body in fever. Also called Febrifuges. | Salicylate of soda, camphor, quinine, alcohol, nitrous ether. | |
Destroy the organisms of decomposition, or so far weaken their vitality as to arrest putrefaction. | Carbolic acid, calcium chloride, chinosol, oil of eucalyptus, thymol, etc. | |
Antispasmodics. | Prevent or cause muscles when in a state of spasm to become relaxed. | Alcohol, ether, bromide of potassium, camphor. |
Aphrodisiacs. | Increase sexual appetite. | Cantharides, strychnine, alcohol. |
Diminish the secretion from mucous membranes and excite contraction of the tissues to which they are applied. | Acids, alum, ferric chloride, copper sulphate, chalk, gallic acid, tannic acid. | |
Carminatives. | Increase the peristaltic movement of the stomach and bowels and drive out superfluous gas. | Aniseed, capsicum, caraway seeds, mustard, pepper, oil of peppermint. |
Caustics. | Destroy morbid excrescences on the skin and other free surfaces, and impart a healthy action to fungating sores. | Silver nitrate, mineral acids, the hydrates of potash and soda. |
ChoIogogues. | Effect the removal of bile from the body. | Aloes, calomel, podophyl-lin. |
Demulcents. | Soothe and guard parts to which they are applied against irritation. | Linseed tea, starch, glycerine, oil, Fuller's-earth, cottonwool. |
Diaphoretics. | Increase the secretion of sweat in the form of vapour. They are called sudorifics when perspiration appears in distinct drops. | Warmth, spirit of nitrous ether, solution of acetate of ammonium, tartar emetic, ipecacuanha, camphor. |
Disinfectants. | Destroy the virus of contagious diseases. | Carbolic acid, thymol, mercuric chloride, boracic acid, sulphurous acid. |
Diuretics. | Cause the removal of water and worn-out material from the body by stimulating the action of the kidneys. | Potassium nitrate, potassium chlorate, sodium chloride, alcohol, turpentine, and cantharides. |
Ecbolics. | By exiting the action of the uterus cause expulsion of its contents. | Ergot, savin. |
Emmenagogues. | Stimulate the return of restrain. | Iron, strychnine, ergot, cantharides, savin, quinine. |
Class of Medicine. | Action. | Examples. |
Emollients. | Give suppleness and softness to the parts to which they are applied. | Poultices, oil, glycerine, paraffin, lard, vaseline. |
Expectorants. | Cause the free discharge of secretions from the air-passages. | Iodide of potassium, tar-tarized antimony, ipecacuanha, ammonium chloride, squill. |
Febrifuges. | See Antipyretics. | |
Hypnotics or Soporifics. | Induce sleep. | Opium, morphia, chloral hydrate, bromide of potassium. |
Irritants and Counter-irritants. | Irritants increase the circulation in a part and restore it to a normal condition. When applied to one part of the body with the object of arresting disease in another part they are called counter-irritants. | Liniments of ammonia, turpentine, croton, iodine, bin-iodide of mercury, cantharides. |
Laxatives. | Soften the faeces and cause a more frequent evacuation of the bowels. | Bran mashes, linseed and linseed cake, green food, small repeated doses of castor oil, linseed oil. |
Mydriatics. | Cause the pupil to dilate. | Atropine, belladonna. |
Myotics. | Cause the pupil to contract. | Calabar bean, eserine, jaborandi, morphine, opium. |
Purgatives. | Increase the action of the bowels, promote secretion of intestinal fluid and cause intestinal evacuation. | Aloes, croton oil, linseed oil, castor oil, sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calomel. |
Rubefacients. | Produce slight congestion and redness of the part to which they are applied. | Soap liniment, etc. |
Sedatives. | Diminish the sensibility of a part, or of the entire body. | Local sedatives. Aconite, belladonna, carbolic acid, chloral, opium, and morphia. |
General sedatives. Hydrocyanic acid, aconite, belladonna, chloral, opium, and morphia. | ||
Sialogogues. | Stimulate the salivary glands and increase the secretion of saliva. | Load. Mustard, ginger, mineral acids. |
General. Compounds of iodine and mercury. | ||
Soporifics. | See Hypnotics. | |
Styptics. | Mineral acids, alum, ferric chlorides, tannin, actual cautery. | |
Tonics. | Strengthen the body as a whole, or parts composing it. | Salts of iron, strychnia, mineral acids, quinine, nux vomica, etc. |
Vermicides and Vermifuges. | See Anthelmintics. |
ALTERATIVE | |
Nitrate of Potash | 1 dram |
Sublimed Sulphur | 1 dram |
Powdered Aloes ... | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
or | |
Powdered Fenugreek | 1 dram |
Chloride of Sodium | 1 dram |
Black Sulphur | 2 drams |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
ASTRINGENT | |
Powdered Cassia Bark ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Opium | ½ dram |
Powdered Catechu | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
or | |
Powdered Catechu | 1 dram |
Powdered Cinchona Bark | 1 dram |
Prepared Chalk ... | 2 drams |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 2 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
Calomel | 20 grains |
Powdered Digitalis Leaves | 20 grains |
Powdered Opium | 20 grains |
Powdered Camphor | 20 grains |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
To be given once or twice a week. | |
CORDIAL | |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Powdered Gentian Root ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Pimento | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. |
or | |
Powdered Ginger | 1 dram |
Powdered Gentian | 1 dram |
Powdered Fenugreek | I dram |
Powdered Caraway Seeds | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 2 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
Powdered Squill ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Liquorice | 1 dram |
Powdered Ipecacuanha ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 2 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
or | |
Powdered Gum Ammoniacnm ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Belladonna Leaves | 1 dram |
Powdered Carraway Seeds | 1 dram |
Powdered Camphor | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 2 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
or | |
Nitrate of Potash | 2 drams |
Powdered Digitalis Leaves | 10 grains |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
DIURETIC | |
Nitrate of Potash | 1 dram |
Powdered Resin ... | 2 drams |
Oil of Juniper | 30 drops |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
or | |
Venice Turpentine | ½ oz. |
Aloes | i dram |
Linseed Flour, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
FEVER | |
Powdered Camphor | 1 dram |
Powdered Epsom Salts ... | 1 dram |
Nitrate of Potash | 2 drams |
Powdered Liquorice Root | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 2 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. |
or | |
Emetic Tartar | i dram |
Bicarbonate of Potash | 1 dram |
Powdered Camphor | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. |
or | |
Quinine | 15 grains |
Powdered Gentian | 1 dram |
Powdered Caraway Seeds | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. |
PHYSIC | |
Barbados Aloes ... | 5 drams |
Ground Ginger | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 1 dram |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
TONIC | |
Powdered Sulphate of Iron | 2 drams |
Powdered Gentian | 1 dram |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 2 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
or | |
Powdered Nux Vomica ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Ginger | 1 dram |
Powdered Caraway Seeds | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 2 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. |
WORM | |
Barbados Aloes ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Sulphate of Iron | 2 drams |
Santonine ... | 12 grains |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
or | |
Tartarated Antimony | 1 dram |
Powdered Gentian | 2 drams |
Powdered Sulphate of Iron | 1 dram |
Linseed Flour | 3 drams |
Soft Soap, sufficient to make a Ball. | |
Worm balls should be given in the morning on an empty stomach. |
ALTERATIVE | |
Powdered Gentian | 1 dram |
Black Antimony ... | 1 dram |
Nitrate of Potash | 2 drams |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
or | |
Chloride of Sodium | 1 dram |
Black Sulphur | 1 dram |
Powdered Epsom Salts ... | 2 drams |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
ASTRINGENT | |
Prepared Chalk......... | 3 drams |
Powdered Cassia Bark ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Catechu | 1 dram |
Powdered Calumba Root | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. |
or | |
Powdered Opium ... | 1/2 dram |
Powdered Charcoal | 2 drams |
Tannic Acid | 10 grains |
Powdered Gentian | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
or | |
Powdered Sulphate of Copper ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Oak Bark | 2 drams |
Powdered Cinnamon Bark | 1 dram |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
CONDITION | |
Nitrate of Potash | 1 dram |
Chloride of Sodium | 1 dram |
Black Sulphur | 1 dram |
Powdered Caraway Seeds | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. |
or | |
Powdered Fenugreek | 1 dram |
Powdered Resin ... | 2 drams |
Nitrate of Potash | 1 dram |
Flowers of Sulphur | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
or | |
Powdered Liquorice Root | 2 drams |
Black Antimony ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Caraway Seeds | 1 dram |
Quinine | 15 grains |
Mix: for a dose. | |
CORDIAL | |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Powdered Coriander Seeds | 1 dram |
Powdered Pimento | 1 dram |
Powdered Gentian | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
or | |
Powdered Liquorice Root | 1 dram |
Powdered Gentian | 1 dram |
Powdered Ginger | 1 dram |
Powdered Cinnamon Bark | ½ dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
COUGH | |
Powdered Camphor | 1 dram |
Powdered Squill ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Powdered Belladonna Leaves | \ dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
or | |
Powdered Fenugreek | 1 dram |
Powdered Gum Ammoniacum ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Squill ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Liquorice Root | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. |
DIURETIC | |
Nitrate of Potash | 2 drams |
Powdered Resin ... | 1 dram |
Powdered Juniper Berries | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
FEVER | |
Powdered Camphor | ½ dram |
Nitrate of Potash... | 1 dram |
Tartarated Antimony | ½ dram |
Powdered Liquorice Root | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
or | |
Powdered Epsom Salts ... | 1 ounce |
Powdered Belladonna Leaves | 1 dram |
Nitrate of Potash | 1 dram |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
TONIC | |
Quinine | 10 grains |
Ground Ginger ... | 30 grains |
Powdered Gentian | 2 drams |
Mix: for a dose. | |
or | |
Powdered Sulphate of Iron | 1 dram |
Powdered Nux Vomica ... | ½ dram |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Powdered Liquorice Root | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
WORM | |
Santonine ... | 15 grains |
Powdered Sulphate of Iron | 2 drams |
Powdered Aniseeds | 1 dram |
Mix: for a dose. | |
or | |
Emetic Tartar | 1 dram |
Powdered Calumba Root | 1 dram |
Powdered Sulphate of Iron | 1 dram |
Powdered Coriander Seeds | ½ dram |
Mix: for a dose. |
ASTRINGENT | |
Tincture of Catechu | ½ ounce |
Tincture of Opium | 1 ounce |
Powdered Cinnamon Bark | 1 dram |
Prepared Chalk ... | 2 drams |
Powdered White Sugar ... | 2 drams |
Mix as a draught in a pint of warm water. | |
Laudanum | 1½ ounce |
Compound Tincture of Cardamoms | ½ ounce |
Tincture of Aconite | 15 drops |
Mix. To be given in a pint of cold water. | |
or | |
Spirit of Turpentine | 1 ounce |
Oil of Peppermint | 15 drops |
Tincture of Ginger | 1 ounce |
Glycerine... | ½ ounce |
Mix. To be given in a pint of warm linseed gruel. | |
CORDIAL | |
Compound Tincture of Cardamoms | ½ ounce |
Compound Tincture of Gentian ... | 1 ounce |
Tincture of Calumba | ½ ounce |
Tincture of Ginger | ½ ounce |
Mix. To be given in a pint of warm ale. |
DIURETIC | |
Spirit of Turpentine | 1/2 ounce |
Sweet Spirit of Nitre | 1 ounce |
Oil of Juniper | 10 drops |
Mix. To Be given in a pint of linseed tea. | |
FEVER | |
Spirit of Nitrous Ether ... | 1 ounce |
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia | 1 ounce |
Mix. To be given in a pint of cold water. | |
PURGATIVE | |
Linseed Oil | 1 pint |
or | |
Barbados Aloes ... | 5 drams |
Tincture of Ginger | \ ounce |
Oil of Peppermint | 10 drops |
Dissolve the aloes in a pint of warm water and add the other ingredients when cool. | |
TONIC | |
Compound Tincture of Gentian ... | 1 ounce |
Tincture of Calumba | 1 ounce |
Tincture of Cinchona | 1/2 ounce |
Mix. To be given in a pint of cold water. | |
or | |
Compound Tincture of Cardamoms | 1 ounce |
Nitric Acid | 1 dram |
Tincture of Nux Vomica | 1/2 ounce |
Mix. To be given in a pint of cold water. |
 
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