Section I. General Pharmacology And Therapeutics. Chapter I. General Relations Between The Organism And Substances Affecting It
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This section is from the book "A Text-Book Of Pharmacology, Therapeutics And Materia Medica", by T. Lauder Brunton. Also available from Amazon: A text-book of pharmacology, therapeutics and materia medica.
Section I. General Pharmacology And Therapeutics. Chapter I. General Relations Between The Organism And Substances Affecting It
In discussing the inter-action between the animal organism and the substances which act upon it, it may be well to take a slight glance first at the substances which compose its environment, although these will be afterwards considered more in detail.
Of the elements composing the earth on which we live we at present know about seventy-two whose existence appears well-established. They are given in the accompanying table. The atomic weights assigned to them cannot be regarded as absolutely correct. There are sometimes considerable discrepancies between those given by different authorities, and those which are accepted to-day may require to be altered again in accordance with the more exact knowledge which future observations may supply. There are slight differences between several of them as given in the British and United States Pharmacopoeias.
Table Of Elements
Element | Symbol | Valency or Atomicity | Atomic Weight, B.P. | Atomic Weight, U.S. P. | Atomic Weight very accurately determined1 |
Al. | II. & IV. | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.009 | |
*Antimony (Stibium) | Sb. | III. & V. | 120.0 | 120.0 | 119.555 |
* Arsenicum . | As. | III. & V. | 75.0 | 74.9 | 74.918 |
*Barium | Ba. | II. | 137.0 | 136.8 | 136.763 |
Beryllium or Glucinum | Be or G. | II. | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9085 |
Bi. | III. & V. | 209.0 | 210. | 207.523 | |
*Boron | B . | ---- | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.941 |
* Bromine | Br | I. | 80.0 | 79.8 | 79.768 |
Cadmium | Cd | II. | 111.8 | 111.8 | 111.35 |
Caesium | Cs. | I. | 133.0 | 132.6 | 132.583 |
* Calcium | Ca | II. | 40.0 | 40.0 | 39.99 |
C . | II. & IV. | 120 | 12.0 | 11.9736 | |
Ce. | IV. | 141.0 | 141.0 | 140.424 | |
* Chlorine | Cl. | I. | 35.5 | 35.4 | 35.37 |
* Chromium | Cr. | II. & IV. | 52.5 | 52.4 | 52.009 |
Cobalt | Co. | II. & IV. | 58.9 | 58.9 | 58.887 |
Those marked with * are contained, either simply or in combination, in the British Pharmacopoeia. Those printed in italics are non-metallic elements. Their atomic weights are given as in the B. P.
1From Ira Remsen's Principles of Theoretical Chemistry.
Element | Symbol | Valency or Atomicity | Atomic Weight, B.P. | Atomic Weight, U.S. P. | Atomic Weight very accurately determined |
Columbium vide Niobium | |||||
*Copper (Cuprum) | Cu. . . | II. | 63.4 | 63.2 | 63.173 |
Didymium . . | Di. . . | IV. | 145.4 | 144.6 | 145.4 |
Erbium. . . | Eror Eb1 or E | - | 166.0 | 165.9 | 165.891 |
Fluorine . . . | F . . . | I. | 19.0 | 19.0 | 18.984 |
Gallium . . . | Ga . . | IV. | 70.0 | 68.8 | 69.9 |
*Gold (Aurum) . | Au . . | I. & III. | 196.5 | 196.2 | 196.155 |
Glucinum vide Beryllium | |||||
Holmium . . . | . . | - | - | - | - |
*Hydrogen . . . | H . . . | I. | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Indium . . . . | In. . . | I. & III. | 113.4 | 113.4 | 113.398 |
*Iodine . . . . | I . . . | I. | 127.0 | 126.6 | 126.557 |
Iridium . . . | Ir . . . | II. & IV. | 192.7 | 192.7 | 192.651 |
*Iron (Ferrum) . | Fe. . . | II. & IV. | 56.0 | 55.9 | 55.913 |
Lanthanum . . | La. . . | IV. | 139.0 | 138.5 | 138.526 |
*Lead (Plumbum) | Pb. . . | II. & IV. | 207.0 | 206.5 | 206.471 |
*Litbium . . . | Li. . . | I. | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0073 |
*Magnesium . . | Mg . . | II. | 24.0 | 24.0 | 23.959 |
*Manganese . . | Mn . . | II. & IV. | 55.0 | 54.0 | 53.906 |
*Mercury (Hydrargyrum) | Hg . . | II. | 200.0 | 199.7 | 199.712 |
Molybdenum . . | Mo . . | 95.5 | 95.5 | 95.527 | |
Nickel . . . . | Ni. . . | II. & IV. | 58.0 | 58.0 | 57.928 |
Niobium or Columbium | Nb . . | V. | 94.0 | 94.0 | - |
*Nitrogen . . . | N . . . | III. & V. | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.021 |
Osmium . . . | Os. . . | II. & IV. | 198.5 | 198.5 | 198.494 |
* Oxygen . . . | 0 . . . | II. | 16.0 | 16.0 | 15.9633 |
Palladium . . . | Pd. . . | II. & IV. | 105.7 | 105.7 | 105.737 |
*Phosphorus . . | P . . . | III. & V. | 31.0 | 31.0 | 30.958 |
*Platinum . . . | Pt. . . | II. & IV. | 195.0 | 194.4 | 194.415 |
*Potassium (Kalium) | K . . . | I. | 39.0 | 39.0 | 39.019 |
Rhodium . . . | Eh . . | II. & IV. | 104.0 | 104.1 | 104.055 |
Rubidium . . . | Rb . . | I. | 85.3 | 85.3 | 85.251 |
Ruthenium . . | Ru . . | II. & IV. | 104.2 | 104.2 | 104.217 |
Samarium . . . | Sm . . | ---- | 150.0 | - | 150.021 |
Scandium . . . | Sc. . . | ---- | 44.0 | 44.0 | 43.98 |
Selenium . . . | Se. . . | II. | 78.8 | 78.8 | 78.797 |
Silicon . . . | Si. . . | IV. | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.195 |
*Silver (Argentum) | Ag. . | I. (? II.) | 108.0 | 107.7 | 107.7 |
*Sodium(Natrium) | Na . . | I. | 23.0 | 23.0 | 22.998 |
Strontium . . . | Sr. . . | II. | 87.4 | 87.4 | 87.374 |
* Sulphur . . . | S . . . | II. | 32.0 | 32.0 | 31.984 |
Tantalum . . . | Ta. . . | III. & V. | 182.0 | 182.0 | 182.144 |
Tellurium . . . | Te. | II. | 128.0 | 128.0 | 127.96 |
Terbium . . . | . . | - | - | - | - |
Thallium . . . | Tl or Th | III. | 203.7 | 203.7 | 203.715 |
Thorium . . . | Th | IV. | 233.0 | 233.0 | 233.414 |
Thulium . . . | . . | - | - | - | - |
. Er, Roscoe and Schorlemmer, Treatise on Chemistry, vol. i. p. 54. Eb, Fownes, edited by Watts, 12th ed. vol. i. p. 401. E, Ira Bemsen's Principles of Theoretical Chemistry.
Element | Symbol | Valency or Atomicity | Atomic Weight, B.P. | Atomic Weight, U.S. P. | Atomic Weight very accurately determined |
*Tin (Stannum) . | Sn. . | II. & IV. | 118.0 | 117.7 | 117.698 |
Titanium . . | Ti . . . | IV. | 49.8 | 48.0 | 49.846 |
Tungsten . . | W . . . | VI. | 184.0 | 183.6 | 183.61 |
Uranium . . | U . . . | IV. & VI. | 240.0 | 238.5 | 239.8 |
Vanadium . . | V . . . | III. & V. | 51.3 | 51.3 | 51.256 |
Ytterbium . . | Yb. . . | - | 172.8 | 172.7 | 172.761 |
Yttrium . . | Y . . . | IV. | 89.8 | 89.8 | 89.816 |
*Zinc . . | Zn . . | II. | 65.0 | 64.9 | 64.9045 |
Zirconium . . | Zr. . . | IV. | 900 | 90.0 | 89.367 |
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