Force Production. Energy From Food. Part 4. Standards For Daily Dietaries
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This section is from the book "Practical Dietetics With Special Reference To Diet In Disease", by William Gilman Thompson. Also available from Amazon: Practical Dietetics with Special Reference to Diet in Disease.
Force Production. Energy From Food. Part 4. Standards For Daily Dietaries
(Compiled by Atwater).
Weights of nutrients and calories of energy (heat units) in nutrients required in food per day.
NUTRIE | NTS. | ||||
Protein. | Fats. | Carbohydrates. | Total. | Potential energy. | |
Grammes. | Grammes. | Grammes. | Grms. | Calories. | |
I. Children up to a year and a half.. | 28 (20-36) | 37 (30-45) | 75 (60-90) | 140 | 767 |
2. Children of two to six years | 55 (36-70) | 40 (35-48) | 200 (100-250) | 295 | I,4l8 |
3. Children of six to fifteen years.... | 75 (70-80) | 43 (37-5o) | 325 (250-400) | 443 | 2,041 |
4. Aged woman | 80 | 50 | 260 | 390 | 1,859 |
5. Aged man | 100 | 68 | 35o | 518 | 2,477 |
6. Women at moderate work (Voit).. | 92 | 44 | 400 | 536 | 2,426 |
7. Man at moderate wok (voit) | 118 | 56 | 500 | 674 | 3.055 |
8. Man at hard work (voit) | 145 | 100 | 450 | 695 | 3,370 |
9. Man with moderate exercise (Play-fair)......................... | 119 | 51 | 531 | 701 | 3,139 |
10. Active labour (Playfair) | 156 | 71 | 568 | 795 | 3,629 |
11. Hard labour (Playfair) | 185 | 71 | 568 | 824 | 3,748 |
12. Women with light exercise (Atwater) | 80 | 80 | 300 | 460 | 2,300 |
13. Man with light exercise (Atwater). | 100 | 100 | 360 | 460 | 2,820 |
14. Man at moderate work (Atwater).. | 125 | 125 | 450 | 700 | 3,520 |
15. Man at hard work (Atwater) | 150 | 150 | 500 | 800 | 4,060 |
16. Man at moderate work (Moleschott) | 130 | 40 | 55o | 720 | 3,160 |
17. Man at moderate work (Wolff).... | 120 | 35 | 540 | 695 | 3.032 |
Church furnishes the following table showing the number of tons which it is calculated could be raised through the height of one foot by the complete combustion of a single pound of each kind of food. In the body only about a fifth of this energy would develop work, the rest going into heat production:
1 pound beef fat raises 5,649 tons 1 foot high.
" oatmeal " 2439 " " "
" gelatin " 2,270
" lean beef " 885 " " "
" potatoes " 618 " " "
" milk " 390 " " "
" ground rice " 2,330 " " "
Landois and Stirling give the following table, which differs, somewhat from other estimates in the relative proportion of fats and starches. An adult doing a moderate amount of work takes in as food per diem:
C. | H. | N. | 0. | |
120 grammes albumin, containing.... | 64.18 | 8.60 | 18.88 | 28.34 |
90 " fats, containing | 70.20 | I0.26 | 9.54 | |
330 " starches, containing.... | 146.82 | 20.33 | 162.85 | |
281.20 | 39.19 | 18.88 | 200.73 | |
Add 744.11 grammes O. from the air by respiration. | ||||
" 2,818.00 " H20. | ||||
" 32.00 " inorganic compounds (salts). | ||||
The whole is equal to three kilogrammes and a half (seven pounds), i. e., about a twentieth of the body weight, so that about 6 per cent of the water, about 6 per cent of the fat, about 1 per cent of the albumin, and about 0.4 per cent of the salts of the body are daily transformed within the organism.
An adult doing a moderate amount of work eliminates in grammes:
Water. | C. | H. | N. | 0. | |
By respiration | 330 | 248.8 | ? | 65I.I5 | |
By perspiration | 660 | 2.6 | 7.2 | ||
By urine | 1,700 | 9.8 | 3.3 | 15.8 | 11.1 |
By feces | 128 | 20.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | I2.o |
2,8l8 | 281.2 | 6.3 | 18.8 | 681.45 |
The following table is a fair average work ration in round numbers, based on such data as those in the foregoing tables;
Estimated Work Ration, Maximum and Minimun (Mrs. E. H. Richards). | For one day. |
Proteid, grammes | 125 |
110 | |
Fat, grammes | 125 |
90 | |
Carbohydrates, grammes | 450 |
420 | |
Calories | 3,500 |
3.000 |
About thirty grammes of salts should be added to this (Landois). The bare subsistence ration is much less, as follows:
Estimated Ration to barely Sustain Life (Mrs. E. H. Richards). | For one day. |
Proteid, grammes | 75 |
Fat, grammes | 40 |
Carbohydrates, grammes | 325 |
Calories | 2,000 |
Professor Egleston's standard of nutrition is high. He places the daily allowance of nutritive material at 700 grammes, divided as follows: Carbohydrates, 400 grammes ; fats, 150 grammes; proteid, 150 grammes; yielding in all, 3,650 calories.
The average percentage of the different food classes needed to sustain a man in perfect health is thus given in the Kensington Museum Handbook on Food:
Percentage. | |
Water.................................................... | 81.5 |
Albuminoids or flesh formers | 3.9 |
Starches and sugars | 10.6 |
Fat | 3-o |
Salt (Nacl) | 0.7 |
Phosphates, potash salts, etc | 0.3 |
An Ideal Ration with Solid Food (Mrs. E. H. Richards). | |||||||||
Material. | AMOUNT. | PROTEID. | FATS. | CARBOHYDRATES. | Calories. | ||||
Grms. | Oz. | Grms. | Oz | Grms. | Oz. | Grms. | Oz. | ||
453.6 | 16 | 31.5 | 1.12 | 2.26 | 0.08 | 257.28 | 9.04 | 1,206.82 | |
226.8 | 8 | 34.02 | I.20 | 11.34 | 0.40 | 243.72 | |||
Oysters | 226.8 | 8 | 12.52 | O.44 | 2.04 | 0.07 | .... | 70.OI | |
Breakfast cocoa. | 28.3 | 1 | 6.60 | O.23 | 7.50 | 0.26 | 9.60 | 0.34 | 135.42 |
Milk.......... | 113.4 | 4 | 3.63 | 0.13 | 4.42 | 0.16 | 4.88 | 0.17 | 75.55 |
Broth......... | 453.6 | 16 | 18.14 | O.64 | 18.14 | 0.64 | 90.72 | 3-20 | 613.21 |
Sugar | 28.3 | 1 | 27.36 | 0.96 | 112.17 | ||||
14.17 | ½ | 0.14 | 12.27 | 118.62 | |||||
Total ............. | 106.80 | .... | 57.97 | 389.84 | 2,575.52 | ||||
It will be observed that the totals are somewhat less in this diet than those of the table at the top of this page, which was adapted for a working man, who is developing more calories.
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