134.   "An" and "And."—When standing alone, both the words an and and are written with a light dot in the first-position (156).

135.   "A."—When standing alone, the word a is written with a light dot in the second-position (156).

136.   "The."—When standing alone, the is written with a light dot in the third-position (156).

137.   " I."—When standing alone, the pronoun I is written in the first-position, with a light straight breve-sign, struck upward in the direction of Ree (Roid1).

138.   "Of."— When standing alone, of is written in the second-position, with a light straight breve-sign, struck upward in the direction of Ree (Roid2).

Remark. The breve for of is removed from its natural position above the line, and placed on the line, in order to avoid conflict with the signs of I and have.

139.   "Have."—When standing alone, have is usually written with a heavy straight breve-sign in the first-position, struck downward in the direction of Jay (Joid1). Have may also be written with the stem Vee.

140.   "Who" and "Whom."— The words who and whom are both written with a heavy straight breve-sign in the third-position, struck downward in the direction of Jay (Joid3). When necessary to distinguish by outline between who and whom, the stem Em may be joined to Joid3 in writing whom.

141.    "He."— When standing alone, he is usually written with the light straight, perpendicular breve, placed in the second-position (Toid2).

142.   " Him."— When standing alone, him is usually written with the heavy straight, perpendicular breve, placed in the second-position (Doid2).

143.   "How."— When standing alone, how is usually written with the light straight, perpendicular breve, placed in the first-position (Toid1)Remark. It is allowable to write he, him, and how with the stem Hay, placed on the line for he and him and above the line for how.

144.  "New," " Knew," and "Now."—The words new, knew, and now are written with the stem En, with abbreviated forms for the diphthong-signs, ew and ow, joined at the end ; thus,

145.   Semicircle Breve Words. - The words without, when, with, what, and would are written with the semicircle breves Thoid and Soid, and the word you, with Noid or Moid, in the manner shown in the following lists of single-sign abbreviations.

146.   One Sign for Two Words. - Whenever in the Lists of Abbreviations there occurs an outline with the key opposite containing a hyphen, it means that the abbreviation is used for two words. Thus " give-n " indicates that both give and given are written with the same sign, namely, Gay3. It means the same thing, also, when two key-words follow a single sign, as which and change after Chay2. In all such cases of double representation of words by single signs, they are words that will not conflict although written alike, the context invariably showing which word is intended.

145- Semicircle Breve Words. - The words without, when, with, what, and would are written with the semicircle breves Thoid and Soid, and the word you, with Noid or Moid, in the manner shown in the following lists of single-sign abbreviations.

146. One Sign for Two Words. - Whenever in the Lists of Abbreviations there occurs an outline with the key opposite containing a hyphen, it means that the abbreviation is used for two words. Thus "give-n" indicates that both give and given are written with the same sign, namely, Gay3. It means the same thing, also, when two key-words follow a single sign, as which and change after Chay2. In all such cases of double representation of words by single signs, they are words that will not conflict although written alike, the context invariably showing which word is intended.

List Of Single-Stem Abbreviations. Arranged Phonographically.

List Of Single-Stem Abbreviations. Arranged Alphabetically.

Writing Exercise.

Remark. Words in italics are written with abbreviations.

It may be well for her to come home now. How I hope he will see him at his home! He saw all of my hay go in the mow. Why do they come by that new way now ? How can I be away so long when he is on his way here? The day they had the row she saw them row away together. When will he be here with my key which he has had so long ? Did he hear of my new bow and arrow that 1 had from Eli Shaw? We may yet rue the day that Joe Lee was here. He can go out on our bay and row with ease. She should show her new shoe to Ann.

List Of Two-Stem Abbreviations.

147. It is not expected that the learner will commit to memory at once all the abbreviations contained in the foregoing Lists, but most of the forms may be acquired gradually by practice on the sentences of the preceding and following Reading and Writing Exercises.

148. "Dot-ing" for Abbreviations. - The final syllable ing, when it is added to words that are written with abbreviations, is generally indicated by a light dot placed at the end of the outline, instead of using the stem Ing. This sign is called the "Ing-dot" or "Doting." Examples:

Remark. It is allowable also to use the dot for final ing for the purpose of shortening some very long outlines, such as those of the words indemnifying, denominating, etc. But the general substitution of the dot for the stem Ing, in writing words ending with ing, as is the practice of some phonographers, is not to be commended. See 257.

Reading Exercise.

Writing Exercise.

Remark. Words in italics are written with abbreviations.

The law will take effect when it has the name of our Governor. J acknowledge that I did wrong in making that remark. They enjoy the voyage going to and coming from Europe. He is looking out for the regularity of his party. He may become a member of our Assembly yet. Never neglect to acknowledge a wrong. Health and length of life go together. What will become of Johnnie and Katie if you should go away for any length of time? They would feel uneasy. I was remarking that she was neglecting her duty. If he should say anything nobody would ever know it. I shall he too busy in Janu-ary and February to help you any. Knowledge is power and health is wealth. They can never match my nag.