184.  Vowel Read before Final-hook. - Any vowel-sign written to a stem with final-hook, whether it stands before the stem or after it, must always be read before the hook. Consequently when a word terminates with a vowel-sound its outline cannot end with a final-hook.

The En-Hook.

185.  N may be added to any consonant-stem by a small final-hook. On straight stems it is turned on the left side of downstrokes, and on the under side of right-strokes. On curved stems it is turned on the inner side. Examples:

186.  Compound-stems and their Names. - Compound-stems are formed from the simple-stems in three ways, as follows : (1) By the addition of hooks to stems, (2) By variations in the length of stems, and, (3) By both the addition of hooks and variations in the length of stems combined. The names of compound-stems are usually formed by combining the short vowel-sound ĕ with the consonant-sounds represented by the compound-stems, in such a way that in each case it will best facilitate the pronunciation of the entire group. There are a few exceptions to this rule which should be carefully noted. They are the names of the downward and upward stems, Ish, Shee, El, Lee, Er, Ree, and of Ith, Ing, and Ess, each having a hook attached.

187.   Names of En-hook Stems. - The names of the En-hook stems, respectively, are as follows: Chen, Jen, Ten, Den, Pen, Ben, Ken, Gen (G hard as in "again"), Ren, El'n (downstroke), Yen, Ith'n, Then, Fen, Ven, Nen, Ing'n, Sheen (upstroke), Ish'n (down-stroke), Zhen, Ess'n, Zen, Ern, Wen, Men, Hen, and Leen (upstroke).

188.   "Simple-end" and "Hook-end."—The simple-end of a stem is the end which has no hook or other attachment. Both ends of any of the stems of the Phonographic Alphabet are simple. The stem of the word join has its upper end simple and its lower end hooked.

186. Compound-stems and their Names. - Compound-stems are formed from the simple-stems in three ways, as follows : (1) By the addition of hooks to stems, (2) By variations in the length of stems, and, (3) By both the addition of hooks and variations in the length of stems combined. The names of compound-stems are usually formed by combining the short vowel-sound e with the consonant-sounds represented by the compound-stems, in such a way that in each case it will best facilitate the pronunciation of the entire group. There are a few exceptions to this rule which should be carefully noted. They are the names of the downward and upward stems, Ish, Shee, El, Lee, Er, Ree, and of Ith, Ing, and Ess, each having a hook attached.

187.   Names of En-hook Stems. - The names of the En-hook stems, respectively, are as follows: Chen, Jen, Ten, Den, Pen, Ben, Ken, Gen (G hard as in "again"), Ren, El'n (downstroke), Yen, Ith'n, Then, Fen, Ven, Nen, Ing'n, Sheen (upstroke), Ish'n (down-stroke), Zhen, Ess'n, Zen, Em, Wen, Men, Hen, and Leen (upstroke).

188.   "Simple-end " and "Hook-end."—The simple-end of a stem is the end which has no hook or other attachment. Both ends of any of the stems of the Phonographic Alphabet are simple. The stem of the word join has its upper end simple and its lower end hooked.

THE EN-HOOK.                                    6l

Reading Exercise.

Writing Exercise.

Remark. Whenever in the Writing Exercises a word is inclosed in brackets, [ ], it means that the outline of that word may be found in the corresponding Reading Exercise, and that it is a guide to the writing of the word next preceding the bracketed word. See the last words in each of these two exercises.

189. June, atone, done or dun, pain, been or bin, coin, gown, run, thin, than, fun, vain or vein, shown, arraign, wine, men, moon, loan or lone ; token, turn, deaden, domain, pigeon, obtain, beacon, burn,. kitchen, cotton, gallon, retain, refine, orphan, famine, enjoin, shaken, remain, awaken, mutton, marine, legion, laden, linen ; pardon, bargain ; Danish, county, finely, window, penman, condign. Allen, Byron, Newton, Macon, Martin, Raritan, Hancock, Camden, Yadkin, Barnum, Morgan, widen, weaken, hidden, haven, human, Hampton, Whedon [wheaten].