Examples of phrases: Co nanga xe reminbota (Lat. haec omnino mihi voluntas), I wish it; Ne marangatu (mihi boni-tas), I am good; Ori rub ybaqype tec-oar, imo-ete-pyram nde rera, Our Father heaven-in being, hallowed-be thy name. There are grammars by Anchieta (Coimbra, 1595) and Figuei-ra (Lisbon, 1687), a dictionary by the latter author, and a recent one by Dias (Leipsic, 1858). 2. Southern Guarani (Guarani proper), on the rivers Parana, Paraguay, and Uruguay; spoken by many tribes. See a Vocabulario in Franca's Chrcstomathia Brazilica (Leipsic, 1859). 3. Western Guarani, spoken by the Chiriguani (lat. 18° to 22° S.) on the Pilcomayo, the Guarayi in the missions of the Chiquitos, the Cirionos near Santa Cruz, and in 160 villages between the Chaco and Mapayo streams, in its purity. That dialects of the Tupi once prevailed over many districts is evident from the names of several tribes, such as the Tupi-nambas, Tupininquins, Tapiguas, Tummimirj, etc.; so that it became the most extended native idiom in South America, and was adopted by the Europeans, as well as by many heterogeneous tribes, as the medium of communication. Its analogy with the other branches of the same family and with the Caribbean aided its extension.

Here also the style of female speech differs in some particulars from that of men. The Omaguas, formerly a most powerful association of tribes, were the Phoenicians of the Amazon, Japura, etc, being spread inland as far as the Rio Napo, on the affluents of the Orinoco, in Venezuela, to the S. in Solimoens, on the Para, etc. Their language differs from all others in South America. It is monosyllabic, has nasal and guttural sounds, no gender, and a very simple conjugation. The same word has many significations, according to its tone; reciprocal verbs are formed by the suffix ca, and active verbs from nouns by ta. It points to the Otomi as well as to trans-Gangetic languages. Between the Madeira and the Tapajos the Mundurucus and Tocantins' speak a tongue akin to the preceding. Other tribes on the Amazon have idioms which are related to either the Guarani or the Omagua, There are grammars of the Guarani by A. Ruiz de Montoya (Madrid, 1639), and P. Restivo, from Bandini, (1724). Montoya also published a vocabulary. - Between the rivers Doce and Pardo, and between the Atlantic and the province of Minas Geraes, we find the Botocudos, who have a language of their own, with many nasal and other peculiar sounds, although scarcely any gutturals; they use a great many vowels, but confound many articulations, as t and d, and l, n, and r, together; for instance, Taru, or Talu, God. Most of their words are monosyllabic.

They have many onomatopoeias and various figurative expressions, and they double many words; thus, nac-nac, sea gull; eng-eng, woodpecker. There are two cases, nominative and oblique, as taru-ti-po (courser of heaven), the sun; taru-niep (heaven-rest), the moon. The plural and comparative are denoted by ruhu, more; the superlative by yikaram, most. In conjugation there are two moods, infinitive and participles. There is no substantive verb; thus: he mung, he gone; e reha, it good, etc. Among the Brazilian tongues is that of the Camacans on the river Pardo, in the province of Bahia, with extremely long words, very abrupt peculiar final sounds, and many gutturals; and that of the Macharis in Porto Segurp, with most peculiar palatals and many nasals. For materials on the Brazilian languages, see the works of Lery (1578); Mimiani, on the Kiriris (1695); F. de Azara (1781); Prince Maximilian of Neuwied (1815-'17); Spix and Martius (18l7-'20); Von Esch-wege's vocabularies of the Puris, Coroados, Coropos, etc.; and the travels of D'Orbigny and Auguste St. Hilaire. - The Araucanian or Chilidugu, Chili language, formerly extended more northward, and is spoken by the Picun-ches, from Coquimbo as far as Santiago, by the Puelches about Mendoza (E. of the Cordillera), by the Huilliches on the Biobio and Valdivia, and by the independent Aucas in the south of Chili, with dialectic variations.

This is probably the most harmonious and the most cultivated language among the indigenous races; its purity and elegance being so cherished, that even a preacher is often upbraided by his hearers if he commits a solecism in his sermon. It has not the Spanish aspirated j, g, nor x, z, b, f; but has a nasal n and u as in French. In the north, d and r are used for s, and conversely in the south. Words end in vowels and in the mild consonants, b, d, g, f, l, m, n, r; only about 20 in s or z. There is no gender; the signs of sexes are alca, male, and domo, female. The cases are three, formed by adding ni, genitive; mo,, meu, ablative; egu, instrumental. Dual, engu; plural, ica, egn, or by prefixing pu, or intercalating que between adjective and substantive. Persons: inche, I; eimi, thou; taye, he; dual: inchu, 1st; eimu, 2d; taye epu, 3d; plural: inchin, we; eimn, you; taye cula, they. Personal suffixes to verbs: 1, n; 2, imi; 3, i; dual, yu, imu, igu; plural, in,, imn, ign. The imperfect tense is formed by intercalating vu; future, a.

The infinitive ends in n; gerunds in uam, uum; the participle active in lu, passive in el; the conjunctive in li, optative in lichi; passive voice in ngen (thus, aiun, to love; aiungen, to be loved); negation intercalates la (imperative quel). There are more than 20 forms of transition for all sorts of modifications in the verb (more than in the Altaic languages). In short, some of the best traits of the Indo-European and the polysynthetic languages are combined in the Chilidugu. It has geometrical terms, and is skilfully employed as a rhetorical and poetical idiom. There are grammars and vocabularies by L. de Valdivia (Lima, 1(307), A. Febres (1705, 1846), and B. Havestadt (Minister, 1777). The Patagonians (Tchuelhets) are divided into several tribes, such as the Tchuel-cunny (South-men), Tchuan-cunny, (North-men), etc. Falk-ner, an English Jesuit, gave a grammar and vocabulary of the Moluches (Hereford, 1774). It is supposed that an idiom similar to theirs is Spoken by the Yacanacus, who inhabit Tierra del Fuego and the southern margin of the continent, as well as the Brunswick peninsula,