A very pretty and curious effect, not much used in strip or ribbon-work, and not even mentioned

1 In Figs. 24, 26, and some others the plan is supposed to be triangular or three-footed; but two handles are given in profile to show the curves better.

by any writer known to me, is to make the strips cross one another. This is effected as follows : Take a flat, very thin file or fret-saw, and cut half through a strip at the point of

intersection. Then cut in like manner through the other. Then cross the two. Fig. 28. If they do not cling firmly, fasten them with a twist of thin wire. This is a very important effect as regards design, since it enables the artist to develop the vine to any extent in strap-work, and not limit himself to masses of C's and S's, or of curves stuck together feebly with no regard to growth or development. A curious effect may also be produced by drilling holes at intervals in a strip, say one-third of an inch, or less, apart, and passing through the holes, in and out, brass wire. Rivet or clamp the wire at the first and last holes. Small round-headed brass nails, here and there, riveted on holes, give a varied and brilliant appearance to very simple work or patterns.

It may be here said once for all, that any curve or turn desired may be given to any strip of flexible iron, brass, or tin, by holding it firmly, just at the end, with the long-nosed flat pincers or pliers, and then bending it into shape with the round, or pipe plier. This is so readily learned by a little practice, even by children, that any detailed description of the method of holding or using the pliers is really unnecessary, and would perhaps rather tend to confuse the beginner and convey the impression that the work is more difficult than it is in reality. But as it is in doing this well that the whole mystery and difficulty of the art consists, and as everybody can certainly learn it by perseverance, I lay great stress on the importance of mastering it, before proceeding to other kinds of work. For when this is learned all is learned.

Fig. 28.

Fig. 29. Lamp Hook. (Hooks of this kind can be bought in Florence for 3d.)