This section is from "The Horticulturist, And Journal Of Rural Art And Rural Taste", by P. Barry, A. J. Downing, J. Jay Smith, Peter B. Mead, F. W. Woodward, Henry T. Williams. Also available from Amazon: Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste.
Grafts may be cut now, as well as later in the winter, if more convenient to you. Keep them in a cool place, half buried in earth or sand, till you want them. If not wanted till spring, bury them out of doors, with only a couple of inches of the points exposed, and throw two or three inches of litter over them.
Strawberry beds will produce good crops in open winter quarters, in the northern States; but they will bear much better ones, and much larger fruit, if you cover them lightly with straw, salt-hay, or stable litter; otherwise you are likely enough, in stiff soils, to find half the plants dead or injured by being " thrown out in the spring".
You may transplant, all winter, when the ground is not frozen; only take care not to expose the roots to frost while not covered with soil. In winter planting, it is best to pile up a mound of earth six or eight inches around the trunk of the tree. This keeps it steady, and protects it, partially, against severe frost.
If you are very anxious to be cheated, send to some nursery that modestly informs the public of its immense superiority over every other establishment in the world; or that offers hundreds of varieties of " splendid, pre-eminent and deli-cious" fruits, not to be found elsewhere - or that challenges competition for accuracy. Where there is so much modesty in boasting, there must he great diffidence in sending you anything but what the dealer knows to be first rate; and you must be aware, yourself, that there are now hundreds of first rate fruits. If you send to a nursery for a new variety of tree or plant, don't expect to see the plant as high as your head, or the tree fit to bear a bushel of fruit. Be content if it is healthy, has a good root, and is a foot high. People " in the trade," can't afford to send yon large trees, full of grafts or cuttings, of sorts which are scarce as guineas, and which hare not been long enough in the country to enable them to get more than one year's growth. If yon want " big trees," order the good old standard sorts.
When a tree brought from a distance has been a long while out of the ground, and looks quite dried np, don't plunge it into a tab of water; that would be well-nigh as fatal as giving a gallon at a single drink, to a man nearly dead of thirst Moisten the roots, and after shortening the branches severely, bury the whole tree in the ground for three or four days.
When you prune a small branch of a tree, always see that a bud is left opposite the cut; this will help it to heal over quickly; and you will assist the matter still more, by making the cut always a sloping one.
If you are obliged to plant trees in the rich but worn-out soil of an old garden, and you have not time nor means enough to cart away part of the old soil and replace it with new, you can renew its fertility by throwing a part of it up in heaps, mixing it with brush, fagots, sawdust, or any sort of cheap fuel, and burning it.
Don't let insects of various kinds overrun your orchard or garden, and then lazily fold your arms and say, "It's no use, this trying to raise things, now that so many vermin are about." Spend three days, industriously, in the early stage of the matter, in putting down the rascals, and then look around you and see if a little industry is not better than grumbling.
If you want early vegetables, set yourself, in winter, about making some boxes to protect them. A few cheap boxes, a foot square, with a pane of glass in the top, to put over tender things at night, will cost you but a trifle, and will give you ten days start of the open ground.
To have good currants, gooseberries, or raspberries, the old plants should be dug up at the end of three or four good crops, and their places supplied by young ones. If you plant a few cuttings of the two former, as you should do, every spring, you will always have a supply of fresh plants ready at all times; always cut out all the eyes (buds) of a cutting, on that part which goes in the ground; otherwise you will be troubled by their coming up, year after year, in the form of suckers.
If you have a tree that grows "apace," but won't bear, dig a trench around it, and cut off a third of the roots. This will check its growth, and set it about making fruit buds.
Never buy fruit trees in the "market-places," of unknown venders, who have no character to lose. You cannot tell by " examining the article," whether they cheat you or not; and you get your tree at half price, only to wish, when it comes to bear, that you had gone to an honest dealer and paid ten times as much for something worth planting. "Hog-Peach" trees are dearer at a penny, than "George the Fourths" at a dollar.
If you dont love flowers yourself, don't quarrel with those who do. It is a defect in your nature which you ought to be sorry for, rather than abuse those who are more gifted. Of what possible "use91 is the rainbow, we should like to know? And yet a wiser than you did not think the earth complete without it.
Do not grudge the cost and labor necessary to plant a few of the best shade-trees round your house; and if you have any doubts about what to plant, stick in an elm. There are few trees in the world finer than a fine sweeping elm; and two or three of them will give even a common looking dwelling a look of dignity. If you plant fruit trees for shade, they are likely to be broken to pieces for the fruit, and they grow unsightly by the time that forest trees grow spreading and umbrageous.
There are very few men whose friends build so fair a monument to their memory, as they can raise with their own hands, by planting an elm or a maple where it can grow for a century, to be an ornament to the country.
Don't be afraid to clip hedges, or cut back young trees, when you are planting them. You gain more growth than you lose, though you may not be able to comprehend it till you have seen it with your own eyes.
Never work your ground in wet weather if you can avoid it, as it makes it clodlike and compact by forcing the air out. And ridge up your kitchen garden ground before winter, so as to expose as much surface as possible to the action of the frost.
Never lose an opportunity of getting sods from the corners of old pastures, or the breaking up of commons or meadows, where they can be spared. Placed in heaps, and rotted, they make excellent mould for tender plants or trees; placed in a pile and burned, they form the best fertilizer for roses and rare flowering plants.
' Send a man about your neighborhood to collect all the bones that are thrown away as useless by persons ignorant of their value. Put them in a large pot and pour sulphuric acid and water over them, and they will all turn to paste, and finally to powder. This is the best possible manure for pear-trees and grape-vines.
An Old Digger.
 
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