In taking off the quantity of wrought pipe for an operation the plans are scaled, as in the case of cast-iron pipe, and the fittings are counted. All of the branch fittings that will be required can be determined from the drawings, if complete, but an allowance of 45° elbows must be made for offsetting around obstructions which might not be shown on the drawings, and to offset at various heights of the building where the walls are made thinner. This latter allowance is necessary only when the stacks are run against outside walls, from which they are to be spaced a uniform distance.

The number of extra fittings required for this purpose can be ascertained, with a fair degree of accuracy, by noting the various floors of the building where offsets will have to be made, and locating the various obstructions in the basement around which the horizontal pipes will have to be run.

The manner of taking off quantities from wrought-pipe systems is shown in Fig. 3. In the example illustrated the fittings occupy so much of the space that the sum of the length of the different pieces of pipe would be found by scaling, and only that amount of pipe listed in the estimate sheet. This is the more necessary, as there is but little waste to wrought pipe and allowance need not be made for waste, as would be the case with cast-iron pipe.

Having the number of feet of pipe, the fittings would next be counted, and if this layout represents the work in a number of toilet rooms the pipe and fittings in the one layout can be multiplied by the number of toilet rooms in the building to ascertain the total number of fittings and length of pipe required to rough-in all the toilet rooms. The necessity for accuracy in estimating can well be pointed out and emphasized in this example. For instance, there are 4 double Y's, and measuring the length of the fittings, then adding the distance from the center of the fitting to the end of the branches, each Y fitting occupies 2 feet in length. Besides the branch fittings there are 9 elbows, each of which occupies 6 inches along the run. If, therefore, a careless estimator, instead of taking off only the exact amount of pipe required for each toilet room, were to scale over all, measuring the fittings as though they were pipes in one layout, such as shown in the illustration, he would figure on using 12 1/2 feet of pipe more than would be required. Then, in a building many stories in height, where there are, say, twenty toilet rooms to be roughed-in, in accordance with the sketch, he would figure on using 20xl2 1/2 equals 250 feet of pipe more than his more careful competitors, and this one item of excess cost might lose the contract. If not, there is no doubt but that an estimator so careless as to figure that quantity of pipe more than is required for roughing-in the toilet rooms would be equally careless in taking off other quantities, and either lose the work by being too high or overlook some important item which would win the contract for him to his sorrow.

Estimating Cost Of Wrought Pipe 8

Fig. 3.

Table VI. Malleable Iron Fittings

Classification and List. Adopted June 5, 1907.

Class................

A

B

C

Price per lb.. Black.................

.40

.20

.12

Price per lb.. Galv.................

.50

.28

.19

Elbows....................

1/8 x 1/8

1/4 x 1/4 1/2 x 1/4

1/4 x 1/8

3/8 x 3/8 1/2 x 1/2

* 3/4 and larger

3/8 x 1/8

3/8 x 1/4 1/2 x 3/8

Elbows, R and L

1/4 and 3/8

1/2, 3/4 and 1

* 1 1/4 and larger

Elbows, 45°.............................

1/4 to 2 inclusive

2 1/2 and larger

Elbows, street.....................

1/2 to 1 x 3/4 inclusive

1 and larger

Elbows, Side Outlet......................

all sizes

Elbows, Drop..........................

all sizes

Tees.............................

1/4 x 1/4 3/8 x 1/4

1/8 x 1/8 1/4 x 1/8

3/8 x 3/8 3/8 x 1/4 x 3/8

1/8 x 1/4 3/8 x 1/8

1/4 x 3/8 1/2, and 1/2

3/4 and larger

3/8 x 1/4 x 1/4 reducing

Tees, service.....................

1/2, 3/4 and 1 x 3/4 x 1

1 and larger

Tees, Four Way......................

all sizes

Tees, drop..................

all sizes

Crosses..........................

1/4 to 1 inclusive...............

1 1/4 and larger

Crosses, Reducing......................

1 and smaller

1 1/4 and larger

Y Bends.................................

all sizes

Return Bends........................

1/4

3/8 to 1 inclusive

1 1/4 and larger

Return Bends. R and L.......................

3/8 and 1/2

3/4 and larger

Couplings, R H.....................

1/8

1/4 to 3/4 inclusive

1 and larger

Couplings, R and L ..........................

1/8

1/4 to 3/4 inclusive

1 and larger

Couplings, Reducing.....................

1/4 x 1/8, 3/8 x 1/8, 1/2 x1/8

3/8 x 1/4 to 1 x 3/4 inclusive

* 11/4 and larger

Caps.......................

1/8

1/4 to 1 inclusive

1 1/4 and larger

Lock Nuts........................

1/8

1/4 to 1 1/4 inclusive

1 1/2 and larger

Extension Pieces.........................

all sizes

Waste Nuts........................

all sizes

Chandelier Hooks.....................

all sizes

Chandelier Loops.......................

all sizes

*Fittings in class C, having one or more outlets smaller than 3/4, will be charged in class B.

The run of tees gives the size for the purpose of classification, and the outlet being larger does not change it.

Table VII. List Price On Black Malleable Fittings

Sizes.................Inches...............

1/8

1/4

3/8

1/2

3/4

1

1 1/4

1 1/2

2

2 1/2

3

3 1/2

4

4 1/2

5

6

Elbows. Straight and Reducing.....................

.06

.07

.08

.10

.15

.22

.25

.35

.50

.90

1.50

2.25

3.00

3.50

4.00

6.50

Elbows, Right and Left.....

...

.09

.11

.13

.17

.25

.30

.40

.65

Elbows, 45°...............

...

.08

.10

.12

.18

.26

.36

.54

.82

1.25

2.50

3.25

4.50

5.25

6.00

7.50

Elbows, 60°...............

...

...

..

...

...

.25

.30

.45

.65

Elbows, Street...........

...

.10

.10

.12

.20

.25

.40

.55

.90

1.50

2.25

3.50

Elbows, 45° Street.........

.12

.20

.25

.40

.55

.90

Elbows, Side Outlet..............

...

...

.08

.10

.18

.30

.45

.60

1.00

Elbows, Drop................

...

.06

.08

.12

.20

.25

Elbows, Long Drop................

...

....

.10

Tees, Straight and Reducing

.07

.08

.09

.11

.15

.25

.30

.45

.60

1.05

1.70

2.50

3.40

4.25

5.00

7.75

Tees, Drop......................

....

....

.10

.14

.22

.30

Tees, Long Drop......................

.......

.....

.12

Tees, Service................

......

.....

.12

.15

.25

.35

.50

.75

1.15

2.00

Tees, Four Way............

.12

.14

.20

.35

.50

.80

1.25

Crosses, Straight and Reducing

...

.09

.10

.16

.20

.30

.40

.60

1.00

1.75

3.00

3.25

5.25

7.50

13.00

Caps...................

...

.03

.04

.05

.08

.12

.16

.24

.32

.45

.85

1.00

1.20

2.50

3.50

Couplings, Right Hand...........

....

.03

.05

.07

.10

.14

.20

.25

.35

Couplings, Right and Left..............

.04

.06

.08

.12

.16

.25

.36

.52

.70

1.00

Couplings, Reducing..............

.....

.05

.06

.07

.10

.16

.20

.28

.45

.70

1.00

1.50

1.85

Lock Nuts.................

.02

.03

.04

.05

.07

.09

.11

.18

Waste Nuts..................

....

.04

.05

.06

.08

.10

.15

.25

Extension Pieces................

....

....

.06

.09

.12

.15

Chandelier Hooks or Loops..

.....

....

.10

.12

Y Branches, Straight and

Reducing...........

....

...

...

.40

.50

.60

.80

1.00

1.70

2.00

4.00

5.50

Y Branches, 60° Straight and

Reducing........

....

....

....

...

....

...

...

1.00

1.70

Return Bends, Close or Medium, R. H................

....

...

...

.18

.25

.35

.50

.75

1.00

Return Bends, Close or Medium, R & L or L. H..

....

.....

....

.23

.30

.45

.60

.90

1.25

Return Bends, Open Pattern, R. H....................

....

....

....

.20

.30

.50

.65

.85

1.25

2.00

3.00

Return Bends, Open Pattern, R. &L. or L. H..........

....

....

....

.25

.38

.60

.80

1.05

1.55

2.50

3.75

Crossovers...................

....

.....

....

.20

.30

.45

DISCOUNT.....................................%

DATE....................190.......

Knowing the quantity of pipe and fittings, the number and kind of hangers must be ascertained, and the labor measuring, cutting, threading and installing the pipe. This will depend not only on the personnel of the workmen but on the quality of the tools given them to work with. Cutting and threading large pipes is machine work and satisfactory work cannot be economically done with old, wornout, unsuitable hand tools. If the contractor expects good work of average quantity he must supply his workmen with the necessary tools and apparatus. As the matter stands, each estimator must determine for himself just how long it will take his workmen to do the work with the tools and apparatus at their command.

In estimating the cost of fittings for wrought pipe it should be borne in mind that all large size fittings that is, fittings 11/2 inches in diameter and larger - are listed and sold at a certain price per fitting. This is likewise true of all cast-iron steam and water fittings of whatever size. Malleable fittings, on the other hand, if under 1 1/2 inches in size are sold by the pound, according to certain classifications. According to the classifications the smaller fittings cost more per pound than the large fittings, but to compensate for that fact there are more fittings to a pound. The size and classification of the various fittings can be seen in Table VI.

Table VIII. List Price On Galvanized Malleable Fittings

Size.................... Inches............

1/8

1/4

3/8

1/2

3/4

1

1 1/4

1 1/2

2

2 1/2

3

3 1/2

4

5

6

Elbows, Straight and Reducing ...

.08

.09

.11

.14

.20

.32

.40

.60

.90

1.50

2.60

3.75

5.00

6.50

10.00

Elbows, Right and Left...................

...

..

...

.17

.23

.35

.45

.65

1.00

Elbows, 45°....................

....

.12

.15

.20

.25

.40

.50

.85

1.35

1.90

3.75

4.75

6.75

9.00

11.00

Elbows, 60o

...

...

...

...

...

..

.45

.70

1.05

Elbows, Street................

.....

.12

.12

.15

.28

.35

.55

.80

1.30

2.25

3.50

Elbows, 45° Street..............

....

....

....

.15

.28

.35

.55

.80

1.30

Elbows, Side Outlet....................

...

...

.10

.15

.25

.45

.65

.90

1.50

Elbows, Drop.........................

....

....

.12

.20

.35

Elbows, Long Drop....................

....

....

.18

Tees, Straight and Reducing................

.09

.10

.13

.16

.20

.38

.50

.70

1.00

1.90

3.00

4.25

5.75

8.00

12.00

Tees, Drop.....................

....

.....

.15

.25

.40

.55

Tees, Long Drop.......................

.....

....

.17

Crosses, Straight and Reducing.. .

....

.12

.14

.25

.29

.45

.60

.90

1.50

2.75

4.50

8.00

Caps........................

....

.04

.05

.08

.12

.17

.24

.38

.52

.76

1.30

1.60

2.00

Couplings Right Hand....................

....

.05

.07

.10

.17

.23

.30

.40

.55

Couplings, Right and Left...............

....

.06

.09

.10

.17

.25

.35

.55

.75

1.05

1.60

Couplings, Reducing.......................

.....

.08

.10

.10

.15

.25

.35

.45

.75

1.05

1.65

2.40

3.05

Lock Nuts...........................

.....

.03

.04

.05

.07

.10

.14

.20

.30

Waste Nuts.........................

.....

.08

.10

.12

.16

.20

.30

.50

Extension Pieces.......................

....

....

.09

.13

.18

.22

Y Branches, Straight and Reducing......................

....

....

.....

.60

.75

.90

1.25

1.50

2.50

3.00

6.00

8.25

Y Branches, 60° Straight and Reducing....................

....

....

....

....

....

...

....

1.50

2.50

Return Bends, Close or Medium, R. H.........................

....

....

....

.25

.35

.55

.75

1.15

1.65

Return Bends, Close or Medium, R. & L. or L. H...............

....

....

....

....

.40

.65

Return Bends, Open Pattern, R. H............................

.....

....

...

.28

.45

.70

.90

1.25

2.00

3.50

5.00

Return Bends, Open Pattern, R. & L. or L. H..................

....

....

....

.55

.80

Crossovers.................................

....

...

...

.25

.40

.60

DISCOUNT.....................................%

DATE.....................190. .

Table IX. Dimensions And Weights Of Standard Wrought Pipe

Diameter

Thickness

Circumference

Transverse Areas

Length of Pipe per sq. foot of

Length of pipe containing 1 cubic foot

Nominal weight per foot

Number of threads per inch of screw

Nominal internal

Actual external

Actual internal

External

Internal

External

Internal

Metal

External surface

Internal surface

Inches

Inches

Inches

Inches

Inches

Inches

Sq. In.

Sq. In.

Sq. In.

Feet

Feet

Feet

Pounds

1/8

.405

.27

.068

1.272

.848

.129

.0573

.0717

9.44

14.15

2513

.241

27

1/4

.54

.364

.088

1.696

1.144

.229

.1041

.1249

7.075

10.49

1383.3

.42

18

3/8

.675

.494

.091

2.121

1.552

.358

.1917

.1663

5.657

7.73

751.2

.559

18

1/2

.84

.623

.109

2.637

1.957

.554

.3048

.2492

4.547

6.13

472.4

.837

14

3/4

1.05

.824

.113

3.299

2.589

.866

.5333

.3327

3.637

4.635

270.

1.115

14

1

1.315

1.048

.134

4.131

3.292

1.358

.8626

.4954

2.904

3.645

166.9

1.668

11 1/2

1 1/4

1.66

1.38

.14

5.215

4.335

2.164

1.496

.668

2.301

2.768

96.25

2.244

11 1/2

1 1/2

1.9

1.611

.145

5.969

5.061

2.835

2.038

.797

2.01

2.371

70.66

2.678

11 1/2

2

2.375

2.067

.154

7.461

6.494

4.43

3.356

1.074

1.608

1.848

42.91

3.609

11 1/2

2 1/2

2.875

2.468

.204

9.032

7.753

6.492

4.784

1.708

1.328

1.547

30.1

5.739

8

3

3.5

3.067

.217

10.996

9.636

9.621

7.388

2.243

1.091

1.245

19.5

7.536

8

3 1/2

4.

3.548

.226

12.566

11.146

12.566

9.887

2.679

.955

1.077

14.57

9.001

8

4

4.5

4.026

.237

14.137

12.648

15.904

12.73

3.174

.849

.949

11.31

10.665

8

4 1/2

5.

4.508

.246

15.708

14.162

19.635

15.961

3.674

.764

.848

9.02

12.49

8

5

5.563

5.045

.259

17.477

15.849

24.306

19.99

4.316

.687

.757

7.2

14.502

8

6

6.625

6.065

.28

20.813

19.054

34.472

28.888

5.584

.577

.63

4.98

18.762

8

7

7.625

7.023

.301

23.955

22.063

45.664

38.738

6.926

.501

.544

3.72

23.271

8

8

8.625

7.982

.322

27.096

25.076

58.426

50.04

8.386

.443

.478

2.88

28.177

8

9

9.625

8.937

.344

30.238

28.076

72.76

62.73

10.03

.397

.427

2.29

33.701

8

10

10.75

10.019

.366

33.772

31.477

90.763

78.839

11.924

.355

.382

1.82

40.065

8

11

11.75

11.

........

36.914

34.558

108.434

95.033

13.401

.325

.347

1.51

45.028

8

12

12.75

12.

........

40.055

37.7

127.677

113.098

14.579

.299

.319

1.27

48.985

8

13

14.

13.25

........

43.982

41.626

153.938

137.887

16.051

.273

.288

1.04

53.921

8

14

15.

14.25

.........

47.124

44.768

176.715

159.485

17.23

.255

.268

.903

57.893

8

15

16.

15.43

........

50.26

48.48

20106

187.04

14.02

.239

.248

.77

62.

8

16

17.

16.4

........

53.41

51.52

226.98

211.24

15.74

.225

.233

.68

..........

8

17

18.

17.32

........

56.55

54.41

254.47

235.61

18.86

.212

.221

.61

.................

8

Table X. Dimensions And Weights Of Extra Strong Wrought Pipe

Diameter

Thickness

Nearest Wire Gauge

Circumference

Transverse Areas

Length of Pipe per sq. Foot of

Nominal Weight per Foot

Nominal Internal

Actual External

Approxmate Internal Diameter

External

Internal

External

Internal

Metal

External Surface

Internal Surface

Ins.

Inches

Inches

Inches

No.

Inches

Inches

Sq. Ins.

Sq. In.

Sq. In.

Feet

Feet

Lbs.

1/8

.405

.205

.1

12 1/2

1.272

.644

.129

.033

.086

9.433

18.632

.29

1/4

.54

.294

.123

11

1.696

.924

.229

.068

.161

7.075

12.986

.54

3/8

.675

.421

.127

10 1/2

2.121

1.323

.358

.139

.219

5.657

9.07

.74

1/2

.84

.542

.149

9

2.639

1.703

.554

.231

.323

4.547

7.046

1.09

3/4

1.05

.736

.157

8 1/2

3.299

2.312

.866

.452

.414

3.637

5.109

1.39

1

1.315

.951

.182

3

4.131

2.988

1.358

.71

.648

2.904

4.016

2.17

1 1/4

1.66

1.272

.194

6 1/2

5.215

3.996

2.164

1.271

.893

2.301

3.003

3.

1 1/2

1.9

1.494

.203

6

5.969

4.694

2.835

1.753

1.082

2.01

2.556

3.63

2

2.375

1.933

.221

5

7.461

6.073

4.43

2.935

1.495

1.608

1.975

5.02

2 1/2

2.875

2.315

.28

2

9.032

7.273

6.492

4.209

2.283

1.328

1.649

7.67

3

3.5

2.892

.304

1

10.996

9.085

9.621

6.935

3.052

1.091

1.328

10.25

3 1/2

4.

3.358

.321

0

12.566

10.549

12.566

8.856

3.71

.955

1.137

12.47

4

4.5

3.818

.341

0

14.137

11.995

15.904

11.449

4.455

.849

1.

14.97

4 1/2

5.000

4.280

.360

00

15.708

13.446

19.635

14.387

5.248

.764

.748

18.22

5

5.563

4.813

.375

00

17.477

15.120

24.306

18.193

6.12

.687

.793

20.54

6

6.625

5.75

.437

000

20.813

18.064

34.472

25.967

8.505

.577

.664

28.58

Extra strong pipe is always shipped without threads or couplings, unless otherwise specified.

The list prices for the various classes of fittings indicated in Table VI are subject to change at any time. They are here given merely to show comparatively the cost per pound of the various classes of malleable fittings.

For quick reference the plumber will find it a great convenience to have at hand a card showing in tabular form either the list or the net prices for each fitting of the various kinds and sizes. If a net price list for black malleable fittings is compiled, while more convenient for reference it will have to be revised from time to time, sometimes as often as once a week, as the discount fluctuates; while if a card or chart made up as shown in Table VII be prepared, giving the list prices, the table will not have to be changed until a new list is adopted by the association of manufacturers, a revision which occurs only once in several years.