Its five sections are: philosophy; moral philosophy; legislation, public law, and jurisprudence; political economy and statistics; and general history and philosophy. The whole institute has one regular session in common, on the 2d of May of each year. By an imperial decree of April, 1855, an annual prize of 10,000 francs is placed by the government at the disposal of the institute, for the most useful invention of the last five years. - Academies also exist in many of the provincial cities of France, as at Soissons since 1675, Nimes (1682), Angers (1G85), Lyons (1700), Bordeaux (1703), Caen (1705), Marseilles (1726), Rouen (1736), Dijon (1740), Montauban (1744), Amiens (1750), Toulouse (the first volume of whose transactions is dated 1782), and so on. There was also at Paris the Academie celtique, founded in 1807, for the elucidation of the history, customs, antiquities, manners, and monuments of the Celts, particularly in France; also for philological researches by means of the Breton, Welsh, and Erse dialects, and for investigation into Druidism. This is now merged in the Societe des antiquaircs de France, and has published several volumes of interesting memoirs.

The French Opera is styled the Academie de musique.

III. Spanish Academics. A society for the cultivation of physical science, called the Academia Natures Curiosorum, was established at Madrid in 1652, on the model of the Neapolitan Academia Secretorum Natures, before described. Of those now existing, three are specially noteworthy, viz.: 1. The royal academy at Madrid, founded in 1714, on the model of the Delia Crusca and the Academie francaise. It published the first edition of its dictionary in 1726-'39. 2. The royal academy of Spanish history. This commenced as a private association at Madrid, but was taken under royal protection in 1738. 3. The academy of painting and sculpture, at Madrid, dates from 1753. An academy of sciences was founded in 1847.

IV. Portuguese Academics. An academy of Portuguese history was established at Lisbon in 1720, by King John V. A still more flourishing though more recent institution is the academy of science, agriculture, arts, commerce, and general economy, founded by Queen Maria in 1779. It is liberally endowed by the state, and is divided into three sections: 1, natural science; 2, mathematics; 3, Portuguese literature. The geographical academy at Lisbon has published a map of Portugal since the beginning of this century.

V. German Academics. The royal academy of sciences and belles-lettres at Berlin was founded in 1700, by the elector Frederick, partly on the model of the royal society of England, but not opened till 1711. Leibnitz was its first president. In 1744 Frederick the Great gave it a new organization; the king invited to Berlin many distinguished foreigners, and placed Maupertuis at the head of the institution. Formerly the transactions were published in French, but since the revolution they have appeared in German. A yearly medal worth 50 Prussian ducats is distributed. The other noteworthy German associations of the kind are the academies of Gottingen (founded in 1750), Munich (1759), Leipsic (1846), and Vienna (1846), chiefly devoted to historical studies and general scholarship. Prague, Cracow, and Pesth also possess creditable academies.

VI. In Switzerland, there is an academy of medicine at Geneva, founded in 1715.

VII. In Belgium, the academy of sciences and belles-lettres at Brussels was founded by Maria Theresa in 1772, suspended during the French revolution, revived in 1816, and reorganized in 1845 as the Academie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux arts.

VIII. Holland. The Academia Lugduno-Batava, at Leyden, was founded June 18, 1766, and publishes Annales. The academy of Amsterdam, founded in 1808, was devoted to fine arts only, but was converted in 1852 into an academy of sciences, literature, and fine arts. Rotterdam, Haarlem, Utrecht, and Middelburg have also learned associations.

IX. Scandinavian Academies. The royal academy of sciences at Stockholm was instituted by six men of science, among whom was Linnams. Their first meeting was on June 2, 1739; in that year the first volume of memoirs appeared. On March 31, 1741, they were incorporated under the name of the royal Swedish academy. It is not supported by public patronage like the academies of France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. It has, however, a large fund, the fruit of legacies by private individuals. The transactions are written in the Swedish language, but have also been translated into German. Annual premiums for the encouragement of agriculture and inland trade are distributed by the academy. The prize fund is indebted for its existence to voluntary contributions. Stockholm contains also an academy of belles-lettres, established in 1753; and the literary academy of Sweden, founded in 1786, whose object is the cultivation of the national language. There is an academy of northern antiquities at Upsal, whose researches have done much toward elucidating the early condition and creeds of the Gothic race. The royal academy of sciences at Copenhagen owes its origin to six individuals.

The count of Hol-stein was its first president, and the king of Denmark extended to it his patronage in 1743. It has published 15 volumes in the Danish language, which have been in part translated into Latin. The academy of the fine arts was established in 1733 at Stockholm, by the exertions of Charles Gustavus, count of Tessin; and that of Copenhagen, founded in 1738, was incorporated in 1754.

X. Russian Academics. The imperial academy of sciences at St. Petersburg was projected by Peter the Great. He took the advice of Wolf and Leibnitz. Learned foreigners were invited to become members. The death of Peter left the execution of this project to his successor, Catharine I. The academy held its first sessions in December, 1725. A large annual sum was appropriated for the support of the members. The most distinguished of the professors were Bulfinger, a German naturalist, Nicolas and Daniel Bernoulli, Wolf, and the two De Lisles. ' The academy suffered many vicissitudes until the accession of the empress Elizabeth in 1741, when new life was infused into it. The first transactions of this academy were published in 1728, and entitled Commentarii Academics Scientiarum Imperialis Petropoli-tanae ad Annum 1726, with a dedication to Peter II. Until 1777 the papers were published in the Latin language only; they are now written sometimes in French and sometimes in German. Several volumes are published every year. Each professor has a house and an annual stipend of from $1,000 to $3,000. The celebrated mathematician Euler contributed largely to the mathematical papers of this body.