Bonald. I. Louis Gabriel Amoroise, viscount de, a French political writer, born at Le Mon-na, near Millau-en-Rouergue, Oct. 2, 1754, died there, Nov. 23, 1840. When young he served in the mousquetaires. In 1791 he emigrated, and joined the royalist army on the Rhine. Returning to France under Napoleon, he became, with Chateaubriand and Fievee, editor of the Mercure, and after the restoration he was a member of the chamber of deputies, always favoring an absolutist and reactionary policy. In 1823 he was made peer by Louis XVIII., and as one of the secretaries of state presided over the censorship of the press. At the revolution of 1830 he resigned his seat as a peer, and retired from public life. His literary labors were devoted exclusively to establishing the theory of power in society, its origin and extent; and he drew his demonstrations from history, philosophy, religion, and the philological meaning of words. He denied the validity of reason, and recognized absolutely that of authority. But above the highest civil authority, that of legitimate kings, he affirmed that of religion, or .the church and its hierarchy.

His complete works were published in 12 vols., Paris, 1817-'19, the principal being La legislation primitive, Theorie du pouvoir politique et religieux, Reclierches philosophiques, and Melanges litteraires et politiques. II. Lonis Jacqnes Maurice, a French cardinal, son of the preceding, born at Millau, Oct. 30, 1787, died in Lyons, Feb. 25, 1870. He became archdeacon of Chartres in 1817, bishop of Le Puy in 1823, and archbishop of Lyons in 1839, and bore for a time the title of primate of the Gauls, which Pius IX. afterward forbade him to retain. He was created cardinal by Gregory XVI. in 1841. He became conspicuous as a champion of the rights of the church against the civil power, and of the liberty of education, for which Lamennais, Lacordaire, Montalem-bert, and the rest of the young Catholic party were then contending. His controversies with Dupin and Villemain on these subjects were especially vigorous. He was a legitimist in politics, but gave a ready adhesion to the republic of 1848. Under the empire he held a seat in the senate by virtue of his rank as cardinal.

In September, 1852, he was created a commander of the legion of honor.