Ruble, 1849 (Silver).

Ruble, 1849 (Silver).

Twenty Copeck Piece (Silver).

Twenty-Copeck Piece (Silver).

Twenty Yen (Gold).

Twenty Yen (Gold).

Fifty Sen (Silver).

Fifty Sen (Silver).

GOLD.

COUNTRY AND DENOMINATION.

Weight in ounces.

Fineness, 1000ths.

Value.

Austria.

Ducat'..................

0.112

986

$2 28.3

Souverain...............

0.363

900

6 75.4

Four florins............

0.104

900

1 985

Belgium.

Twenty.five francs........

0.254

899

4 72

Bolivia.

Doubloon.................

0.867

870

15 59.3

Brazil.

Twenty milreis...........

0.575

917.5

10 90.6

Central America.

Twoescudos..............

0.209

853.5

3 68.8

Four reals..............

0.027

875

0 48.8

Chili.

Olddoubloon..............

0.867

870

15 59.3

Tenpesos.................

0.492

900

9 15.4

COUNTRY AND DENOMINATION.

Weight in ounces.

Fineness, 1000ths.

Value.

Colombia.

Old doubloon, Bogota......

0.863

870

15 61.1

" " Popayan.....

0.867

858

15 37.8

Tenpesos.................

0.525

891.5

9 675

Denmark.

Tenthalers ............

0.427

895

7 90

Ecuador.

Fourescudos............

0.433

844

7 55.5

England.

Pound or sovereign, new...

0.256.7

916.5

4 86.3

" " average

0 256.2

916

4 85.1

Guinea(1793)............

0.269.6

916.6

5 12

France.

Twenty francs, new.....

0.207.5

899

3 85.8

" " average___

0.207

899

3 84.7

Germany.

Ten thalers, Prussian......

0.427

903

7 97.1

Twenty marks...........

0.256

900

4 76.2

Greece.

Twenty drachmas.........

0.185

900

3 44.2

India (British).

Mohur.......

0.374

916

7 08.2

Italy.

Twenty lire......

0.207

898

3 84.3

Japan.

Old cobang.....

0.362

563

4 44

" "

0.289

572

3 576

Twenty yens......

1.072

900

19 94.4

Mexico.

Doubloon, average.....

0.867.5

866

15 53

" new............

0.867.5

870.5

15 61.1

Twenty pesos (Maximilian)

1.086

875

19 64.3

" " (Reoublic)...

1.081

873

19 51.5

Naples.

Six ducats, new....

0.245

996

5 04.4

Netherlands.

Ten guilders.....

0.215

899

3 99.7

Peru.

Old doubloon.....

0.867

863

15 55.7

Twenty soles.....

1.055

898

19 21.3

Portugal.

Gold crown.....

0.308

912

5 80.7

Russia.

Five rubles.....

0.210

916

3 976

Spain.

One hundred reals....

0.268

896

4 96.4

Eightly reals....

0.215

869.5

3 86.4

Ten escudos......

0.270.8

896

5 01.5

Sweden.

Ducat......

0.111

875

2 23.7

Carlon, ten francs......

0.104

900

1 93.5

Tunis.

Twenty.five plastres.....

0.161

900

2 99.5

Turkey.

One.hundred plastres.....

0.231

915

4 36.9

Tubcany.

Sequin...................

0.112

999

2 31.3

United States.

Double eagle.....

1.075

900

20 00

Eagle (before 1834)........

0.562.5

916 2/3

10 65.8

" (since 1834)..........

0.537.5

900

10 00

Half eagle.....

0.268 3/4

900

5 00

Three dollars..............

0.161 1/4

900

3 00

Quarter eagle.....

0.134 3/8

900

2 50

Dollar....................

0.053 3/4

900

1 00

Silver

COUNTRY AND DENOMINATION.

Weight in ounces.

Fineness, 1000ths.

Value.

Austria.

Old reichsthaler.....

0.902

833

$1 02.3

old scudo.....

0.836

902

1 02.6

Florin (before 1858)........

0.451

833

51.1

New florin......

0.397

900

48.6

New union reichsthaler___

0.596

900

73.1

Maria Theresa reichsthaler (1780)...................

0 895

838

1 02.1

Belgium.

Five francs...............

0.803

897

98

Two francs.....

0 320

835

36.4

Bolivia.

New dollar................

0.801

900

98.1

Brazil.

Double milreis.......

0.820

918.5

1 02.5

COUNTRY AND DENOMINATION.

Weight in ounces.

Fineness, 1000ths.

Value.

Canada.

Twenty cents.....

0.150

925

18.9

Twenty.five cents.........

0.187.5

925

23.6

Fifty cents.....

0.375

925

47.2

Central America.

Dollar...........

0.866

850

1 00.2

Chili.

Old dollar.................

0.864

908

1 06.8

New dollar.........

0.801

900.5

98.2

China.

Dollar (English)...........

0.866

901

1 06.2

Ten cents......

0.087

901

10.6

Colombia.

Dollar of 1857...........

0.803

896

98

Denmark.

Two rigsdalers.....

0.927

877

1 10.7

England.

Shilling, new......

0.182.5

924.5

23

" average..........

0.178

925

22.4

Florin (1852)..............

0.363.6

925

45

Half crown (1845).........

0.454.5

925

56

France.

Five francs, average...........

0.800

900

98

Two " .............

0.320

835

36.4

Franc (1860)..............

0.160

900

18.2

Germany, North.

Thaler (before 1857).......

0.712

750

72.7

New thaler...............

0.595

900

72.9

Germany, South.

Florin (before 1857)....

0.340

900

41.7

New florin.....

0.340

900

41.7

Greece.

Five drachmas.....

0.719

900

88.1

India (British).

Rupee....

0 374

9165

46.6

Italy.

Five lire.....

0.800

900

98

Lira......

0.160

835

18.2

Japan.

Itzebu.....

0 279

991

37.6

New itzebu.....

0.279

890

33.8

Yen......................

0.866.7

900

1 00.8

Fifty sens.....

0.402

800

44.6

Mexico.

Dollar, new.....

0.867.5

903

1 06.6

Dollar, average.....

0.866

901

1 06.2

Peso of Maxmillian....

0.861

902.5

1 05.5

Naples.

Scudo....

0.844

830

95.3

Netherlands.

Two and a half guilders___

0.804

944

1 03.3

Norway.

Specic daler.....

0.927

877

1 10.7

Peru.

Old dollar.................

0.866

901

1 06.2

Dollar of 1858.............

0.766

909

94.8

Half dollar (1835 and 1838).

0.433

650

38.3

Sol..........

0.802

900

98.2

Portugal.

Five hundred reis.....

0.400

912

49.6

Rome.

Scudo.........

0.864

900

1 05.8

Russia.

Ruble....................

0.667

875

79.4

Spain.

Five pesetas (dollar).......

0.800

900

98

Peseta (pistareen).........

0.160

835

18.2

Sweden.

specic daler.........

1.092

750

1 11.5

Switzerland.

Two francs......

0.320

835

86.4

Tunis.

Five plastres.....

0.511

898.5

62.5

Turkey.

Twenty plastres.....

0.770

830

87

United States.

Dollar....................

0.859.4

900

1 04.5*

Half dollar (since 1853)....

0.400

900

50

Quarter dollar..........

0.200

900

25

Dime..........

0.080

900

10

Half dime.................

0.040

900

5

Three cents.....

0.024

900

3

(Act of 1873).

Dollar...................

0.875

900

Half dollar................

0.401.8

900

Quarter dollar........

0.200.9

900

Dime.................

0.080.3

900

* As compared with the half dollar.

The following table, compiled from the last report of the director of the mint, exhibits the aggregate United States coinage from the establishment of the mint in 1793 to June 30, 1873:

PERIOD.

Gold Coinage.

Silver Coinage.

Minor Coinage.

Entire Coinage.

1793 to 1817...............................

$5,610,957 50

$8,268,295 75

$319,340 28

$14,198,593 83

1818 to 1837...............................

17,839.382 50

40.566.897 15

476,574 80

58.682,853 95

1838 to 1847...............................

49,554,452 50

22,331,719 00

349,076 63

72,235,848 13

1848 to 1857...............................

408.856,176 14

35,791.307 63

517,222 34

445.164,706 11

1853 to 1867...............................

403,717,501 97

30,956,287 51

5,752,310 00

440.426.099 48

1863......................................

24,141,235 06

1,592,986 48

1,713.335 00

27.447,C06 54

1869......................................

32,031,126 43

1,575,619 05

1,279.055 00

34.885,801 48

1870.............

29.931,739 78

2,474,653 54

611.445 00

83,017,888 32

1871......................................

34.388,137 12

5,518,501 70

283,700 00

40.190,598 82

1872............

36,193,073 77

13,421,779 37

123,020 00

49,837.773 14

1873................................

' 55,744,953 61

9,967,710 00

494,050 00

66,206,713 61

Total..................................

$1,097,683,511 22

$172,392,780 23

$11,919,833 55

$1,231,996,130 00

Of the total gold coinage, $280,805,517 85 consisted of bars; the silver bars amounted to $27,. 770,503 66. The number of gold coins struck was 181,673,609; silver coins, 524,624,186; minor coins, 674,597,467, of which 105,522,000 were five.cent pieces, 26,845,000 three.cent pieces, 45,601,000 two.cent pieces, 488,644,244 one.cent pieces, and 7,985,223 half.cent pieces. - For the process of coinage, see Mint; and for ancient coins, Numismatics. - The subjoined tables exhibit the comparative value of the coins of different countries and ages. The tables of ancient coins are those of Dr. Arbuthnot, whose authority, however, has been called in question.

JEWlSH COINS.

NAMES AND PROPORTIONS.

Value in

English money.

U. S. money.

Gerah...........

£

s

d

$

cts.

0

0

1 59/169

0

02 766

10

Bekah..............

0

1

1 11/16

0

27.66

20

2

Shekel......

0

2

3 3/4....

0

55.82

1000

100

50

Mnneh, Mina.

Hebraica..

___

5

14

0 3/4

27

66

60000

6000

3000

60

Talent....

342

3

9

1,059

60.9

Solidus aureus, or sextula, worth.....

0

12

0 1/2

2

92

Sicius aureus, worth.....

1

16

6

8

85

Grecian Coins

NAMES AND PROPORTIONS.

Value in

English money.

U. S. money.

Lepton..............

8.

d

. qrs.

$

cts.

0

0

0 31/336

0

00.0466

7

Chalcus.................

0

0

l 31/48

0

00.326

14

2

Dichaleus...............

0

0

1 7/24

0

00.652

28

4

2

Hemiobolum.....

0

0

2 7/12

0

01.305

56

8

4

2

Obolus............

0

1

1 1/6

0

02.61

112

16

8

4

2

Diobolum..........

0

2

2 1/3

0

05.22

224

32

16

8

•

4

2

Tetrobolum..............

0

5

0 2/3

0

10.44

336

48

24

12

6

3

1 1/2

Drachma...........

0

7

3

0

15.66

672

96

48

24

12

6

3

2

Didrachma............

1

8

2

0

31.32

1344

192

96

48

24

12

6

4

2

Tetradrachma...........

2

7

0

0

62.64

1680

240

120

60

30

15

7i

5

2 1/2

1 1/4

Pentadrachma............

3

2

3

0

78.31

Of these, the drachma, didrachma, etc, were of silver, the rest for the most part of brass. The drachma is here, with most authors, supposed equal to the denarius; though there is reason to believe that the drachma was somewhat heavier.

The Grecian gold coin was the stater aureus, weighing 2 Attic drachmas, or half of the stater argenteus, and exchanging usually for 25 Attic drachmas of silver........

£

s.

d.

$

cts.

0

16

1 3/4

3

91.5

But according to our proportion of gold to silver, it was worth.......................

1

0

9

5

03

There were likewise the stater Cyzicenus, exchanging for 28 Attic drachmas, or....

0

18

1

4

38.5

The stater Philippicus and stater Alexan-drinus were of the same value.

The stater Daricus, according to Josephus, was worth 50 Attic drachmas.............

1

12

2 1/2

7

83

The stater Crcesius was of the same value.

ROMAN COINS.

NAMES AND PROPORTIONS.

Value in

English money.

U. S. money.

S.

d.

qrs.

$

cts.

0

0

0 775/1000

0

00.3915

2

0

0

l 56/100

0

00.783

4

2

0

0

3 1/10

0

01566

10

5

2 1/2

0

1

33/4

0

03.91

20

10

5

2

Quinarius, or Victcriatus ...

0

3

3 1/2

0

07.83

40

20

10

4

2

Denarius___

0

7

3

0

15.66

The denarius and quinarius were of silver; the other coins were also of brass or copper, the three smaller being generally of the base metals.

The Roman gold coin, or aureus, weighed generally double the denarius; its value, according to the proportion of gold to silver mentioned by Pliny, was.....

£

s.

d.

$

cts.

l

4

3 3/4

5

89.6

According to the proportion that now obtains among us............

l

0

9

5

03

According to the decuple proportion mentioned by Livy and Julius Pollux.........

0

12

11

8

13.2

According to the proportion mentioned by Tacitus, by which the aureus exchanged for 25 denaril, its value was.....

0

16

1 3/4

3

91.5

An English writer says of these tables of ancient coins that they " are constructed on the hypothesis that the consular denarii weighed by Greaves were of the same purity as English standard silver, and that no subsequent diminution was made either in their weight or fineness. The conclusion derived from such data, though differing in degree, are of the same character as those which we should arrive at if, in estimating the value of the pound sterling during the last 100 years, we took for granted that it contained a pound weight of standard silver, as in the period from the conquest to the reign of Edward I".