Watches are made at Besancon, Mont-bediard, Pontarlier, and Versailles. Leather is exported from France in larger quantities than from any other country of Europe; the best manufactures of leather ware are at Paris and Grenoble. The woollen manufacture is of paramount importance; its chief seats are Sedan, Louviers, and Elbeuf, for cloths; Vervins, Rheims, Amiens, Arras, St. Omer, Roubaix, and Tourcoing, for flannels and other coarse stuffs; Paris, Beauvais, and Aubusson, for carpets; the number of spindles employed is about 2,500,000. The cotton manufacture, employing about 4,500,000 spindles (after the cession of Alsace and Lorraine, which had over 2,000,-000 spindles), and including all kinds of fabrics, is mostly carried on in the departments of Le Nord, Aisne, Seine-Inferieure, Pas-de-Calais, and Vosges. Linens are manufactured principally in the northern provinces. St. Quentin, Valenciennes, and Cambrai produce the best cambrics; Lyons and Alencon, the best muslins. Mirrors of superior quality are manufactured at St. Gobain, St. Quirin, and Cirey. There were in April, 1873, about 514 houses for the manufacture of beet-root sugar, giving an annual product of 350,000,000 kilogrammes.

Ship building is principally carried on at Cherbourg, Brest, Rochefort, Marseilles, Toulon, and Bordeaux. The manufacture of tobacco is carried on in 16 establishments belonging to the state. The total number of steam engines used in Franco in 1868 was 29,435, of an aggregate of 790,194 horse power; of these 23,450, of 289,676 horse power, were used in 19,887 industrial establishments.-The great articles of export consist of silk, woollen, and other manufactured goods, wines and brandies, joiners' and cabinetmakers' wares, leather, bronze, steel, and iron wares, paper, refined sugar, china, earthen, and glass wares; while the imports comprise all sorts of colonial produce, cotton, wool, sugar, coffee, spices, dyestuffs, raw silk, woollen, hemp, flax, coal, copper, cattle, hides, etc. These are mostly brought to Marseilles, Havre, Bordeaux, Nantes, Ro-chelle, Dunkirk, Boulogne, St. Malo, Lorient, Bayonne, Cette, etc, which are also the outlets of exportation. The following tables, compiled from recent official publications, show the so-called " actual" values of the commerce of France, distinguished as general and special;" the former term comprehending all the imports and exports, and the latter only the imports for domestic consumption and the exports of French produce and manufactures.

The official value, which is that fixed by law in 1826, is somewhat smaller. The sums are given in millions of francs:

The following table exhibits the principal articles of the special commerce in 1872 (values expressed in millions of francs):

The following table represents the special commerce of France with the countries most largely interested in her trade in 1870, the actual values being given in millions of francs:

Exports

Imports

The total value of imports into France from the United States during the year ending June 30, 1873. was $34,212,556; and the exports from France to the United States during the same period amounted to $33,977,524. The ratio of increase of imports and exports since 1855 may be seen from the following figures, representing the average annual general and special commerce, including specie movements, in millions of francs:

The movement of French shipping during the period from 1867 to 1870 was as follows:

Of the aggregate tonnage about 36 per cent. belonged in 1370 to French vessels, against 38 per cent. in 1869. Foremost among the countries with which France had maritime relations in 1870 were England (3,940,025 tons), Italy (922,718), Algeria (632,602), Russia (526,-892), United States (524,538), Turkey (419,-866), and Germany (315,364). The strength of the French mercantile navy, exclusive of small fishing vessels, was on Jan. 1, 1870, as follows:

In that year 3,681 vessels (including 240 steamers) of 269.283 tons belonged to ports of the Mediterranean, and 12,097vessels (214 steamers) of 805,373 tons to ports on the Atlantic. The merchant marine has increased since 1857 by 3,000 vessels, with a gain in capacity of about 180,000 tons. The coast fisheries in 1871 employed 17,998 boats, with 60,635 men. About 30 per cent. of the foreign trade is carried on by land. The coasting trade of France is very large. There are 242 ports, the principal of which, in the order of their importance in this branch of commerce, are Marseilles, Havre, Bordeaux, Rouen, Aries, Honfleur, Rochefort, Dunkirk, Cette, and Libourne.-France has an excellent and extended system of railways. Paris is the central starting point of these roads, which, running in every direction, place the metropolis in direct communication with nearly all parts of the country. They may be divided into the following great lines, each of them sending off numerous branches: 1, the Northern railway, leading to the N. E. frontier, where it connects with the Belgian roads; 2, the Eastern or Strasburg, by Meaux, Chalons-sur-Marne, and Nancy, to the banks of the Rhine; 3, the Southeastern or Mediterranean, passing through Fontainebleau, Dijon, Lyons, and Avignon, to Marseilles; 4, the Orleans, which branches at Orleans into the Central railway, which runs in a S. direction, and the Southwestern or Bordeaux, which first follows the Loire, then runs from Tours to Bordeaux, and terminates at Bayonne, connecting with the Spanish lines; 5, the Western, connecting the metropolis with the seaport of Brest, through Versailles, Le Mans, and Rennes; 6, the Northwestern or Havre, traversing the valley of the Seine. Two other lines of great importance start from Bordeaux: one, the Southern, connects this city with the Mediterranean at Cette; the other gives direct communication between Bordeaux and Lyons, under the name of the Great Central. The aggregate length of railways in operation in September, 1872, was 10,612 m.