Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian patriot, born in Nice, July 4, 1807. His father educated him to his own profession, that of a mariner. His second voyage was to Rome, when the condition of that city made a deep impression on his mind, and led him into those revolutionary views which, in February, 1834, resulted in his exile from Italy. He first went to Marseilles, whence he made voyages to various ports. Having been left sick at Constantinople, he became a teacher till he could find an opportunity to reembark for Marseilles, whence he sailed for Tunis and thence for Rio Janeiro. At Rio he met Rosetti, with whom he entered into an unsuccessful commercial partnership. About this time Zambeccari arrived in Brazil from Uruguay, then fighting for her independence; becoming acquainted with Garibaldi and Rosetti, he persuaded them to espouse the cause of that republic, and Garibaldi, with 20 companions under his command, embarked in a small craft which he named the Mazzini. In an engagement with two launches, which he beat off, he received a gunshot wound in the neck, which nearly proved fatal. He landed at Gualaguay on neutral soil, where he was treated to a certain extent as a prisoner, being prohibited from moving more than a short distance from the city.

He endeavored to escape, but being retaken, he was brought back, and tortured nearly to death with the view of extorting from him the names of those who had favored his flight. Two months later he contrived to reach Montevideo, where he found Rosetti, and the two returned to Uruguay and joined a land expedition, under Bento Gonzales, into the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Snl, which had declared its independence. Until the end of the war he was employed in the service of the republic of Uruguay, chiefly at sea, though sometimes on land. Prior to the cessation of hostilities Garibaldi married a South American woman, who, until her death in 1849, was the companion of all his dangers and privations by sea and land. After the war he returned to Montevideo and taught mathematics, till Rosas, the dictator of Buenos Ayres, declared war against Uruguay. The commencement of the war was disastrous; Montevideo was besieged, and the minister of war Vidal robbed the treasury and fled. Garibaldi organized a flotilla, and recommended the formation of an Italian legion, which, though especially charged with the defence by sea, he frequently commanded. Montevideo was saved.

In the spring of 1848 Garibaldi sailed from South America with a portion of the Italian legion, and on arriving in Piedmont placed himself at the disposal of Charles Albert, by whom he was coldly received. The king being defeated a few davs later, Garibaldi with a few reso-lute republicans prolonged the resistance until forced across the frontier by a superior Austrian detachment. In the autumn he went to Bologna, where the papal government rejected him. On the flight of the pope the new executive gave Garibaldi a command, sending him to watch the Neapolitan frontier near Rieti, , where he remained till the spring of 1849, when Avezzana, the new minister of war, called him to Rome. The French expedition to restore the pope having appeared before Rome on April 30 (8,000 infantry, 2 squadrons of cavalry, and 12 guns), Garibaldi was, with 1,200 men, posted in some villas outside the gates. Notwithstanding the disparity of numbers, he attacked the right wing of the French, when Avezzana, who commanded in chief, seeing from the city wall the peril of the Italians, despatched 1,500 men to his succor. Garibaldi then charged the French, put them to flight, pursued them several miles, and returned with 300 prisoners.

The Neapolitans now threatened Rome, and were beaten by Garibaldi at Palestrina and at Velletri. The French, strongly reenforced, having on June 30 gained a footing inside the wall, the resistance soon became hopeless, and the republican triumvirate, Mazzini, Saffi, and Armellini, abdicated. Garibaldi, whose men fought bravely to the last, resolved to continue the struggle in the open country. He left Rome to try to penetrate to Venice with about 4,000 men, of whom 800 were mounted, and marching by Tivoli to Terni met the second Italian legion, which was awaiting him. The enemy, in immensely superior numbers, never accepted a general en-gagement; Garibaldi so adroitly manoeuvring as to extricate himself and leave his enemy behind him every time he appeared to be surrounded. On July 30 he reached San Marino, Lis force being reduced to 1,800 men, and there he found in his front a fresh Austrian army in addition to the 13,000 pressing on his rear. Terms were now offered, to the effect that there should be a general amnesty and all should return home, the arms being surrendered to the republic of San Marino. Such conditions would have been accepted had a few French belonging to the second legion been permitted to return to Switzerland; but as it was insisted that they should be sent to Rome, the offer of the Austrians was rejected, and at night about half the force (the rest chose to surrender) made their way toward Cesena; and though vigorously pursued, the remnant, 290 in number, embarked from Cesenatico in some fishing boats on Aug. 2. Toward nightfall they were descried by the Austrian fleet; some were captured, and the rest scattered.

In the boat with Garibaldi were his wife and a few of the most compromised; these gained the shore and dispersed in twos and threes. Two days later Anna Garibaldi, who had refused to leave her husband, being worn out by fatigue, died. Garibaldi made his way from the east to the west coast, while the punishment of death was decreed for whosoever gave him bread, water, or shelter. At Chiavari he was arrested and conducted to Genoa. Banished from Sardinia, he arrived at New York in the summer of 1850, declined a public reception offered him, and earned a living by making candles in a manufactory on Staten Island till an opportunity occurred of resuming the occupation of a mariner. He made some voyages in the Pacific, and in about three years returned to New York in command of a Peruvian bark. Having lost his mother, to whom he had confided the care of his three children, he accepted an invitation to return to Nice, where he lived in retirement. In the beginning of 1859, on the breaking out of the war with Austria, he was invited by the Sardinian government to form a corps, which became celebrated as the Hunters of the Alps" {Cacciatori delle Alpi). Detached from the rest of the army, he crossed into northern Lombardy with a small force, beat several Austrian detachments, and rendered important services to the Italian cause throughout the war.

In May, 1860, with about 1,000 volunteers, he sailed from Genoa for Sicily, landed at Marsala, took Palermo and Messina, and became dictator of the island. He then crossed the strait, in September entered Naples, won a victory on the Volturno, and was joined by the Sardinian army, which had advanced from the north, and completed the overthrow of King Francis. The kingdom of the Two Sicilies was now merged in that of Italy, Garibaldi resigning the dictatorship and retiring to the small island of Caprera. In 18G1 he was elected a member of the chamber of deputies. In April, 1862, he was appointed gcn-eral-in-chief of the national guard,While he was engaged in enlisting volunteers, he published on July 26 an appeal to the Hungarians to rise against Austria. This brought him into collision with his own government; several of his officers and men were arrested and disarmed, and he retired to Caprera and began to plan for an attack on Rome. Napoleon III. sent vessels to blockade the Sicilian coast to prevent Garibaldi from passing to the mainland.

He however succeeded in crossing with a force of about 2,200 men, nearly all of whom were captured, Aug. 28, near Aspromonte, where Garibaldi was seriously wounded and made a prisoner, He was released in October, and was permitted to return to his island, He retired from the chamber of deputies in January, 1864. In 1866 he commanded a corps of volunteers against the Austrians, and engaged in some operations in the Tyrol; but the war was brought to a close before he had much opportunity to distinguish himself, and he returned to Caprera. In 1867 he organized another army for the conquest of Rome, but the government resolving to suppress the movement, Garibaldi was arrested, and, after a short detention as a prisoner, was sent to Caprera, where he was watched by a ship of war to prevent his escape to the mainland. This watch he evaded, and in October he was again in Florence. A week after he joined the insurgents on the Roman frontier. Four days later (Oct. 26) he defeated the papal troops at Monte Rotondo; but on Nov. 3 he was defeated by the French and papal forces at Montana. On his way back to Caprera he was arrested and imprisoned. His protest as an Italian deputy and an American citizen effected his release after a few weeks.

From this time for a considerable period he lived in retirement in his island home. In October, 1870, on the establishment of the French republic, he arrived in Tours, and offered his services to the government of the national defence. On the 16th he was made a general of division in the French army and placed in command of the irregular forces in the Vosges; but he had little opportunity to distinguish himself in the field. In February, 1871, he was elected for Paris and several departments as deputy to the national assembly; but at the preliminary meeting of that body at Bordeaux on the 12th, he resigned his seat and his command in the army, and returned to Caprera. Garibaldi has appeared as a novelist in Cantoni il volon-tario (1870), and in Clelia, ovrero il governo monaco: Roma del secolo XIX. (1870). The latter has been translated into English, under the title"Rule of the Monk, or Rome in the 19th Century (1870). In 1873 he published a poem, Le mila cli Marsala.-See his Autobiography," edited by Alexandre Dumas, translated into English by W. Robson (London, 1860);Life of Gen. Garibaldi, written by Himself, with Sketches of his Companions in Arms," translated by Theodore Dwight (New York, 1860); and "Garibaldi at Caprera," by Col. Vecchi, with a preface by Mrs. Gaskell (London, 1862).-Menotti, one of his sons, took an important part in the Italian movements.

At Aspromonte, Aug. 28, 1862, ho as well as his father was wounded, and both were carried as prisoners to Spezia, but were soon released. In 1867, during the march on Rome, he commanded the Garibaldians in the absence of his father. He went with him to France in 1870, and like him received a French command; but his action during the Franco-German war was comparatively unimportant.-Ricciotti, a younger son, who had also served under his father in Italy, was perhaps more successful than either his father or brother during the war of 1870-'71. He made a successful attack on the German garrison of Chatillon-sur-Seine, Nov. 19, 1870, and, in conducting operations under his father's command, gave evidence of considerable military talent.