Figure I. By-pass around trap of basin................................. 17

2. - Overflow openings connected with soil-pipe and giving admittance to foul air............................. ............... 18

" 3. - Trap-vent pipe used as urinal-vent and admitting foul air........ 19

" 4, 5, and 6. - By-passes around traps of water-closet, sink, and washbasins................................................ 20

" 7. - By-pass around trap of water-closet........................... 21

" 8. - Trap-vent and closet-bowl vent connected with the same pipe... 21

" 9. - Bath-waste connected with the heel of water-closet trap......... 21

" 10. - Basin overflow connected with the crown of trap and admitting foul air............................................... 22

" 11. - Ventilating opening in water-closet casing connected directly with soil-pipe............................................... 22

" 72. - Safe-waste connected with heel of water-closet trap and causing a nuisance............................................... 23

" 13. - Safe-waste connected directly with soil-pipe.................... 24

" 14. - Furnace drawing its air-supply from a drain.................... 24

" 15 And 17. - Water-closet ventilator bringing foul air into a room.....25, 27

16. - Disgraceful plumbing in a Philadelphia house ................ 26

" 18. - Vent-pipe of a water-closet bowl connected directly with soil-pipe .................................................. 28

" 19. - Waste-pipe of wash-tub connected with outside of trap and admitting foul air........................................... 28

" 20, 21, and 22. - Chimney-flues used to ventilate plumbing-work, with mischievous results.....................................29, 30

" 23. - Typical defects in the plumbing of a Boston house.............. 31

" 24. - A case of reckless botching................................. 33

Figure 25. - Stupid multiplication of traps under sink and refrigerator........ 34

" 26. - Plumbing blunders in a gentleman's country house.............. 35

" 27. - The blunders remedied...................................... 35

•« 28 - Basin-trap made useless by improper adjustment of inlet and outlet pipes............................................. 36

" 28A. - Unreliability of heated flue as substitute for proper traps....... 37

" 29, 30, 31, And 32. - Plumbing and drainage (plans and elevation) of a Saratoga house.........................................42, 43

" 33. - Ground-water drainage of a country house..................... 45

" 34. - Ground-water drainage of a city house......................... 47

" 35. 36. 37, 38, 39, And 40. - Various arrangements of air-inlets or foot-vents..............................................50, 51, 52

" 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, And 49. - Various arrangements of air-inlets or foot-vents in New York City..................54, 55, 56

" 50. - Plan of the drainage of the Pennsylvania Prison................ 63

" 51 And 52. - Deep and shallow seals in round traps.................. 67

" 53. - Syphoning water through bath-supply........... ............. 74

" 54. - Loss of trap-seal by capillary attraction....................... 76

" 55. - Irregular hot and cold water-supply.......................... 79

" 56. - Hot water flowing from cold-water faucet...................... 80

" 57. - Automatic shut-off for gas pumping-engines................... 86

" 58, 59, And 60. - Position of gas-burner for heating vcntilating-flues... 90, 91 " 61. - Disadvantage of connecting bath-wastes with water-closet trap.... 95

" 62 and 63 - Detail of construction of house-tank................. 102, 103

" 64. - Refrigerating coil giving bad taste to drinking-water............ 107

" 65, 66, And 67. - Steam carving-tables, with steam-pipes run over and under doors............................................ 111

" 68. - Self-acting water-closet..................................... 116

" 69. - Defective drainage and plumbing of an office.................. 119

" 70, 71, And 72. - Fitting wash-basins to marble slabs................ 120

73- - Intermediate tank for water-supply of high building............ 121

" 74 and 75. - Construction of filtering-cistern....................... 123

" 76. - Faulty plan of cesspool...................................... 126

77 And 78. - Methods of arranging refrigerator wastes.............127, 128

Figure 79. - Drawing foul air from water-closet bowl into tea-kettle......... 129

" 80 and 81. - Arrangements of safe-wastes........................131, 132

" 82. - Gas-stove and boiler for heating water......................... 137

" 83. - Hot-water boiler and cisterns as used in Great Britain........... 137

" 84 and 84A. - Saddle and dome-top boilers......................... 138

" 85. - Saddle-boiler in position................................... 138

" 86. - Dome-top boiler in position.................................. I39

" 87. - Complete English hot-water supply apparatus.................. 139

" 88. - Hot-water boiler and cisterns as used in Montreal............... 140

" 89. - American method of fitting up ranges and boilers............... 141

" 90. - Auxiliary heater and boiler................................... 143

" 91 and 92. - Conical boiler with separate fire.....................143, 144

" 93. - Boiler with four couplings on top as used in Boston............. 144

" 94. - Double boiler used in New York City.......................... 147

" 95. - Reverse attachment......................................... 148

" 96. - Earlier substitute for reverse attachment....................... 149

97, 98, And 99. - Horizontal boiler's setting and connections......... 152

" 100. - Two boilers connected with a single water-back.... ........... 152

" 101. - Boilers in different houses connected with the same range...... 153

" 102. - Two ranges on different floors connected with one boiler....... 154

" 103 and 104. - Return circulation carried below the boiler........... 155

" 105. - Ignorant treatment of boiler circulation...................... 157

" 106. - Return circulation connected with hot-water supply-pipe........ 158

" 107. - Several flow-pipes connected with a single return-pipe.......... 159

" 108. - Plan of summer and winter kitchens and boilers............... 160

" 109. - Return circulation taken unsuccessfully below the kitchen floor.................................................... 161

" 110. - Hood's diagram for hot-water circulations..................... 162

" 111. - Combined vacuum and safety valve.......................... 163

" 112. - Collapsed boiler........................................... if'5

" 113. - Pet-cock to guard against exp'osions of water-backs........... 167

" 114. - Bursting of water-pipes connected with kitchen boiler.......... 168

" 115. - Bursting of lead boiier vent-pipes in an apartment-house........ 171

Figures 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, And 126. - Various methods of connecting several boilers and water-backs together.................173, 174. 175, 176, 177, 178, 179. 180, 182

" 127. - Tucker's auxiliary apparatus for heating two boilers by a single back.................................................. 184

12s. - Plan of a horizontal boiler near Boston...................... 186

I2q. - Kitchen in the residence of Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt............. 187

130. - Kitchen in the residence of Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt........... 192

" 131. - Kitchen in the residence of Mr. Henry G. Marquand.......... 196

" 132. - Kitchen in the residence of Mr. A. J. White. ................ 198

•' 133. - Hot-water apparatus and piping in the Duncan office building. .. 200

" 134 And 135. - Kitchen in the residence of Mr. Sidney Webster.....203, 204

" 136, 137, and 138. - Details of the drainage, plumbing, and water-supply in the residence of Mr. H. H. Cook..........205, 206, 208

" 139. - Kitchen in t'le residence of Mr. H. H. Cook.................. 209

" 140 and 141. - Turkish and Russian baths in New Ycrk City.......211, 213

" 142. - Needle-bath.............................................. 215

" 143. - Design for trap and air-inlet ............................... 218

" 144 And 146. - Arrangement of air-chamber on cold-water service... .220, 224 " 145. - Connecting lead to iron pipes............................... 223