Their intestine wars were arrested, agriculture was introduced or improved slightly, and morality raised to a higher standard, so that they resemble the lower grade of peasantry, simple, indolent, and unambitious. Though some chiefs bore French commissions, and the convents educated some girls who became capable teachers and even entered religious orders as nuns, there is no example of men attaining admission to any civil profession. The diminution of game, destroyed for furs, and the influence of intoxicating liquors have steadily diminished the numbers of the Indians in the British possessions. - The English who colonized the present United States were not, like the colonists from Spain and France, under a system devised and maintained by the home government. There was no Indian policy, and between the English settlers and the natives- there was a strong degree of incompatibility. From the moment the settlers were able to dispense with Indian aid in supplying Indian corn and game in return for trinkets or arms, down to the present day, the prevailing instinct of the Anglo-Saxon in America seems to have been to remove the Indian as far as possible from him.

In the early times this influenced the austere religious Puritan of New England as much as it did the careless settler of Virginia. New England missions were early begun by the Mayhews on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, Eliot among the Naticks at Newton, Mass., Cotton and others at Plymouth, and Sergeant and his fellow laborers in Connecticut. But these efforts were almost entirely individual, and they have left us monuments of their zeal and ability in Eliot's Indian Bible and other works prepared for the converts. The most extensive efforts to Christianize the natives of what is now the United States were those starting from the French and Spanish colonies. The settlement of Florida was followed by permanent and beneficial missions among the Timuquas and Appa-laches, which lasted till they were almost exterminated by the people of Carolina. Texas, New Mexico, and California were also seats of very extended missions, under which the Indians were instructed, preserved from evil influences, and made self-supporting. The Mexican revolution overthrew the system, and the whole structure was destroyed in a few years. The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico alone remain, much degenerated from their condition of a century ago.

The French missions within our territory embraced those among the Abenakis of Maine, now represented by the Catholic Penobscots and Passamaquoddies; among the Iroquois of Now York, their converts finally removing to Canada and now found at Sault St. Louis, St. Regis, and Lake of the Two Mountains; among the Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawattamies, Menomonees, Illinois (Kaskas-kias. &c), and Miamis (Weas, &c). Those in Louisiana, among the Tonieas, Natchez, Choc-taws, and Arkansas, seem to have produced little permanent good, except perhaps among the last. Maryland began missions coeval with its settlement, but the overthrow of the original plan of colonization put an end to them. About the beginning of the last century the English society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts began a new era. Missions arose among the Mohawks and in Virginia and Carolina. Dr. Wheelock's Indian school (afterward Dartmouth college) contributed to the work. The Brainerds labored in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The efforts of the Moravians had still better results, and their Delaware mission was the most successful yet seen in the English colonies. During the present century far more has been done. The society of Friends took an active interest in Indian progress.

The Episcopalians established an Oneida mission; the American board of commissioners for foreign missions, organized in 1810, established missions among the Chero-kees, Choctaws, Ottawas, Chippewas, Chicka-saws, Creeks, Dakotas, Pawnees, and Senecas, some of which were remarkably successful. Baptist missions were also established among several of these tribes. A Methodist society established in 1819 also founded Wyandot, Iroquois, Creek, Ottawa, Shawnee, Dakota, and Oregon missions; while the southern Methodists also created missions. The Presbyterians in 1837 began to labor among the Weas and other northwestern tribes, and among some of those in the Indian territory. The American missionary association, American Indian missionary association, southern Baptists, and Baptist home missionary society also entered the field. Their labors were not always permanent or well concerted, and frequent changes took place. Catholic missions arose among the Chippewas and Ottawas, under Bishop Baraga and others, among the Winnebagoes, the Pottawattamies and Osages, and in the Rocky mountains. - The French were able to maintain peace with all the Canadian tribes, while the English colonies were constantly at war.

The first Avar between the English colonists and the natives occurred in Virginia in 1622, when the Indians under Opechanganough rose against the settlers to exterminate them. The colonists in a ten years' war reduced them at this time, and again in 1644; and in another war in 1675 they still more diminished the Indians. The New England wars began in 1637 with the destruction of the Pequods by the settlers of Connecticut and Massachusetts as allies of the Narragansetts, and the extermination'of the Narragansetts in 1643 by the New Englanders as allies of the Mohegans. In 1675 began the war with Philip, chief of the Wampanoags, in which nearly all the Indians were cut off or driven to a distance. Maryland enjoyed comparative peace, but was in 1675 with Virginia involved in a war with the Susquehannas. The Dutch at New Am-sterdam at first maintained friendly relations with the Indians, but in 1643 became involved in wars in which the Indians lost severely. In the south, North Carolina in 1711 suffered terribly in a war with the Tuscaroras, who finally emigrated to New York; and South Carolina in 1715 was attacked by the Yemas-sees and a confederation of tribes on its frontier.