Of Toulouse Raymond VI

See Albigenses.

Touraine

Touraine, an ancient province of France, now chiefly comprised in the department of Indre-et-Loire. It was originally inhabited by the Turones, a Gallic tribe. At the end of the 5th century Clovis took it from the Visigoths. Having been governed for a time by local counts, it passed in 1044 to the house of An-jou, and with this subsequently under English domination. In 1202 it was taken by the French king Philip Augustus. It was a duchy from 1356 till its final annexation in 1584 to the French crown. Tours was at all times the capital of Touraine. (See Indre-et-Loire).

Tourcoing

Tourcoing, a town of France, in the department of Le Nord, 8 m. N. E. of Lille, within a few miles of the Belgian frontier; pop. in 1872, 43,322. It contains hundreds of manufactories of woollens, cottons, linens, carpets, and other goods. The aggregate annual value of trade and industry is estimated at 170,000,-000 francs. A pyramid commemorates the battle of May 18, 1794, in which the army of Pichegru defeated the English.

Towhee

See Chewink.

Township

See Town, and Surveying.

Toxicodendron

See Sumach.

Toxicology

See Poison.

Trachyte

Trachyte (Gr. τραχύς, rough), a rock of volcanic origin, named from the roughness of its surface. It consists chiefly of glassy feldspar, sometimes associated with hornblende, and also with augite. When these minerals predominate, the rock passes into the varieties of trap called basalt, greenstone, dolerite, etc.

Tracy

See Destutt de Tracy.

Trafalgar

Trafalgar (anc. Promontorium Junonis), a cape of Spain, on the S. W. coast, at the N. W. entrance of the strait of Gibraltar, in lat. 36° 10' N., Ion. 6° 1' W., about 28 m. S. E. of Cadiz. It is memorable for the naval battle fought near it, Oct. 21, 1805, between the English under Nelson and the combined fleets of France and Spain. (See Nelson, Horatio).

Tragacanth

See Gum, vol. viii., p. 321.

Trailing Arbutus

See Arbutus.

Tram

Tram, a town of S. Italy, on the Adriatic, in the province and 27 m. W. N. W. of the city of Bari; pop. in 1872, 24,388. It is the seat of an archbishop, and has an ancient and celebrated cathedral with one of the loftiest towers in Italy. The harbor was formerly very deep, but is now accessible only to small vessels. The trade is chieily in oil, wine, grain, almonds, and rigs.

Tranquebar

Tranquebar, a town of British India, in the district of Tanjore, Madras, on an island at the mouth of the river Cavery, 147 m. S. by W. of Madras; pop. about 25,000. There are Lutheran churches, a Roman Catholic chapel, and several schools. Tranquebar has some manufactures of cotton cloth, oil, and soap. It belonged to the Danes, but was ceded to the British in 1845.

Transcaucasia

See Caucasus.

Transubstantiation

See Lord's Supper.

Transvaal Republic

See Boers.

Transylvania Cronstadt

See Kronstadt.

Transylvania University

See Lexington, Ky.

Trap

Trap (Swed. trappa, a stair), a class of volcanic rocks, so named because of the stair-like appearance they often present. There are several kinds of trap rocks, distinguished by their chemical composition and physical character. They are composed mainly of feldspar and hornblende, in varying proportions and states of aggregation, with sometimes augite, chrysolite, and other minerals in smaller quantities. The most important among the trap rocks are the basalts, amygdaloids, greenstones, and dolerites. They are therefore chiefly divided into f elstone traps and hornblende traps, the principal variety of the latter being greenstone. Hypersthene rock is made up of Labrador feldspar and hypersthene, a variety of hornblende; it is abundant in the isle of Skye.