The first type is a continuation and refinement of the earlier turned chairs, the earliest form being similar to Figure 447 except for a panel of cane in the back and seat. This simple form was quickly superseded by the new form of chair with high seats and backs with carved crestings and front stretchers. The spiral turning was probably retained for some time, and the carving at first was on the wood and not cut to form the outline. The construction of this type was good. The cresting was mortised and tenoned into the uprights, thus giving the requisite strength for the stretching of the cane. Figure 448 is a good example of this new form. It will be seen that the spiral turning of the earlier period is still retained in the stiles and bracing. The cresting and front stretcher are carved in a design of acanthus leaves and cupids upholding a crown, a theme popular after the Restoration. The frame of the cane back is also carved in acanthus scrolls and rosettes. The legs are alternately spiral-turned and carved with roses and leaves. This chair belongs to the Tiffany Studios.

Figure 449 shows an example of a little later date. It will be seen that the Flemish scroll predominates. The sides of the frame for the cane are each carved in two Flemish scrolls, slit, and forming two volutes at one end; a conventional fleur-de-lis separates the Flemish scrolls. A similar design is carved on the front stretcher and the legs are in the form of the simple Flemish scroll. The cresting is composed of foliated C scrolls. This chair is the property of the writer.

Figure 450 shows a side chair in which the cresting, front brace, and sides of the frame for cane are carved in Flemish scrolls separated in each instance by a thistle or bunch of thistles. The legs are in the form of the Flemish scroll, with an additional foliated scroll just above the lower volute, and the legs terminate in turned feet. This form of leg is called the elaborated Flemish scroll. The finials are carved to represent grotesque heads. On the back of this chair is branded the name "J. Newell," probably that of the maker. The chair is supposed to have belonged to Judge Samuel Sewall, of witchcraft fame, and is now in the possession of the writer.

Figure 449. Cane Chair, Flemish legs, last quarter seventeenth century.

Figure 450. Cane Chair, Flemish legs, last quarter seventeenth century.

Figure 451 is a side chair quite similar in design to that shown in Figure 450. The cresting, front stretcher, and sides of the frame for cane are each carved in two simple Flemish scroll designs separated by conventional fleur-de-lis. The legs are in the form of Flemish scrolls with an additional foliated scroll at the centre between the two volutes. The legs terminate in turned feet. This form of leg is another variation of the elaborated Flemish scroll and differs from the one shown In the preceding figure only in the placing of the foliated scroll. The seat and back of this chair were originally cane. It is the property of Mr. H. W. Erving.

Figure 452 shows a side chair in which the carved frame of the cane is a slightly different variation of the Flemish scroll, one section of the scroll being split into two separate volutes. The front brace is carved in the design of two C scrolls, instead of Flemish scrolls, separated by conventional fleur-de-lis. The legs are in the form of the elaborated Flemish scroll already described and shown in Figure 450.

Cane Chair, Flemish legs, last quarter seventeenth century.

Cane Chair, Flemish legs, last quarter seventeenth century.

Figure 453 is very similar to that shown in Figure 451. The cresting, the carved frame for the cane, and the front stretcher are identical. The legs on this chair, however, are turned down to the lower brace, and from that point there is a foot in the form of a unilateral S scroll with in-turning volutes. This chair belonged to Richard Lord, whose will was probated in Hartford in 1712, and the chair is now at the Connecticut Historical Society's rooms.

Figure 454 shows a side chair with the same style of foot as appears in the preceding figure. The carving, however, is on the surface instead of forming the outline in the manner shown in Figure 448. On the cresting is carved an eagle and foliated scrolls. On the frame for the cane back are also carved foliated scrolls and rosettes and the design on the front stretcher is the same. On the finials are carved grotesque heads similar to those in Figure 450.

Figure 453. Cane Chair, scroll feet, last quarter seventeenth century.

Figure 454. Cane Chair, scroll feet, last quarter seventeenth century.

Figure 455 shows an example of a chair in which the simple C-scroll design predominates. All the turned portions are in the spiral-twist pattern. The cresting is composed of two scrolls with cupids upholding a basket of flowers. The frame for the cane is in the form of two long S scrolls, and two of the same scrolls finish the bottom of the back and form the front stretcher. The legs, which are partly missing, are animals' claws with fur, crudely carved. This chair is the property of Mr. Dwight M. Prouty, of Boston.

Figure 456 shows in example of this type in which there are no Flemish scrolls. The turning is spiral and the cresting is carved in the design of two S scrolls with two cupids supporting three feathers. The cane panel in the back is oval and is in a frame carved in the design of two S scrolls separated by a rosette. The supports for the arms are S scrolls and the carved stretcher represents two S scrolls separated by three feathers. The legs are in the form of unilateral S scrolls. The surfaces of the scrolls supporting the arms, the legs, and the front stretcher are carved in acanthus-leaf designs. The edges of the seat rail are also carved. This chair is, of course, English.

Cane Chair, last quarter seventeenth century.

Figure 456. Cane Chair, scroll legs, last quarter seventeenth century.