Ruby

See Sapphire.

Rudolf Gneist

Rudolf Gneist, a German author, born in Berlin, Aug. 13,1816. He is professor of jurisprudence in and pro-rector of the university of Berlin, has been a leading liberal member of the Prussian chamber, and is the author of Das heutige englische Verfassungs- und Ver-waltungsrecht (2 vols., Berlin, 1857-'60), Die Geschichte des Selfgovernment in England (1863), Geschichte und heutige Gestalt der Aemter und des Verwaltungsrechts in England (2 vols., 1866), Freie Advokatur (1867), Die preussische Kreisordnung (1870), Der Rechts-staat (1872), and other works on Roman and German jurisprudence and British institutions.

Rudolf Haym

Rudolf Haym, a German author, born at Grunberg, Silesia, Oct. 5, 1821. After having studied in Halle and Berlin, he became a teacher; but the Prussian government refusing to license him as a professor, he turned his attention to journalism and politics, was in 1848 elected to the Frankfort parliament, and published Die deutsche Nationalversmmlung (3 vols., Berlin, 1848-50). In 1850 he edited the Constitutionelle Zeitung in Berlin; but being expelled from that city for having given umbrage to the authorities, he went to Halle, where he obtained a diploma, and in 1851 began to lecture on philosophy and modern German literature, and eventually obtained a professorship. He edited the Preussische Jahr-bucher from 1858 to 1864, wrote for Ersch and Gruber's cyclopaedia, and has published Wil-helm von Humboldt (Berlin, 1856), Hegel und seine Zeit (1857), Arthur Schopenhauer (1864), and Die Romantische Schule (1870).

Rudolf Johannes Wagner

Rudolf Johannes Wagner, a German chemist, born in Leipsic, Feb. 13,1823. He was at first a practical pharmaceutist and chemist, afterward studied chemistry in Leipsic and Paris, and visited the principal factories and laboratories in Europe. In 1851 he became professor of chemistry in Nuremberg,, and in 1856 of technology at Würzburg; and in 1858 he was also appointed inspector of technical studies in Bavaria. He is famous as a technologist, and has several times been a member of the juries at international exhibitions. His works include Lehrbuch der Chemie (1850); Lehrbuch der chemischen Technologie (1850); Geschichte der Chemie (1854); Handbuch der Technologie (5 vols., 1856-'63); and Die cliemische Fabrikindustrie (1867). They have all passed through several editions, and some, including the "Handbook of Technology," have been translated into English. He is editor of the Jahresberichte uber chernische Technologie (21st year, 1876).

Rudolf Julias Benno Hubner

Rudolf Julias Benno Hubner, a German historical painter, born in Prussian Silesia in 1806. He studied in Berlin under Schadow, and followed his master to Dusseldorf. Among his earlier works were illustrations of Goethe's ballad of the "Fisherman," and "Orlando delivering Isabella," a scene in Ariosto's epic. He has also gained reputation as a painter of cartoons and portraits. He became a resident of Dresden in 1839, and professor at the academy there in 1841. He' sent to the universal exposition of 1867 a historical painting of the " Discussion between Luther and Eck," and two religious paintings, "Jesus at the Age of twelve," and the"Magdalen by the Body of Christ."