Manual Instruction: Woodwork. The English Sloyd | by S. Barter

Manual Instruction, especially when wood is the material used, may be nothing more than the development of mechanical skill in the use of tools; and, as such, it is understood by many of its advocates. But this is not what 'Educators' conceive Manual Training to be. The Manual Training of the school must be a training which places intellectual and moral results before mechanical skill...

Title	Manual Instruction: Woodwork. The English Sloyd
Author	S. Barter
Publisher	Whittaker & Co.
Year	1892
Copyright	1892, Whittaker & Co.
Amazon	Manual instruction: Woodwork

The English Sloyd

By S.Barter

Organizer and instructor of manual training in woodwork to the london school board, and organizing instructor to the joint committee on manual training in woodwork of the school board for london, the city and guilds of london technical institute, and the worshipful company of drapers

With 302 Illustrations

Preface by George Ricks, B.Sc.Lond.

Fourth Thousand (Revised) London

Whittaker & Co. And New York

Printed By Spottiswoode And Co., New-Street Square London

Preface: The Author of this book has invited me to write a short preface, doubtless, partly because I have taken the most active interest in the introduction of Manual Training into Public Elementary Schools a...

Author's Note: In presenting this work to the public I wish to express my thanks to Sir Philip Magnus and to Mr. George Kicks, B.Sc, for the advice which these pioneers of Manual Instruction in England kindly gave m...

Chapter I. Introduction: It will be readily admitted by everyone that almost the strongest impulse of the untutored infant mind is to create the semblance of something of which it already has some knowledge. The innate const...

Introduction. Part 2: The extent to which kindred subjects can be taught, and the avidity with which boys learn anything, even remotely connected with the practical portion of the teaching, can only be understood by those ...

Introduction. Part 3: In the construction of many of the models, the pupil is allowed to saw a little from the line, and pare with a chisel back to the line. When this can be avoided it is advisable to do so. The self-reli...

Introduction. Part 4: This form of instruction is, of course, quite in place in the strictly technical school, but, however good training of this kind would be there, it is not suited to the elementary school, and would be...

Introduction. Part 5: 1. The strength and average height of the lads under instruction. 2. The limits of their powers of working, for it must be observed that, where a small piece of work can be done by a boy with entirel...

Chapter II. Drawing: The importance of drawing in a system of manual training has already been urged. The drawing used in connection with manual training is, of course, sometimes mechanical and sometimes freehand, though ...

Drawing. Part 2: The method of dividing the line which is recommended is the usual workshop plan, and is quite as correct as, and much readier than, any other. Draw a straight line a b on any convenient part of the p...

Drawing. Part 3: It will then be seen that the folding planes are not really requisite, and fig. 6 is only introduced to make the problem and its solution clear. The distance of a given point in front of the vertical ...

Drawing. Part 4: A model may be made of cardboard or paper similar to fig. 11, and will serve to bring this problem very clearly before the reader. Sections. - To obtain the section of any figure is really a form of...

Chapter III. Timber: Timber as used in woodwork is the product of the felled body of the tree, stripped of its outer covering of bark. If the transverse section of a log of, say oak, in its original condition as cut down...

Timber. Part 2: Fig. 23. - a, the cortex or bark; b, the cambium; c, the annual rings; d, the medulla or pith; e, the medullary rays : these are drawn in a darker tint, to bring them prominently into notice. They are...

Timber. Part 3: When they are stacked upright the planks are inclined alternately on opposite sides of a timber rack. The thickness of the timber in this case will separate the planks throughout their whole length, e...

Timber. Part 4: Shrinkage Of Timber A log in drying is reduced in bulk, and this reduction lessens the circumference. The fibres on the outside of a felled log in shrinking continue to adhere to each other in the ma...

Diseases Of Timber: The diseases to which living trees are liable do not properly concern us here, but inasmuch as wood may be, and not infrequently is, brought into the market in a more or less damaged condition from di...

Market Forms Of Timber: Many of the teachers of manual training may have to buy timber, and a knowledge of the trade terms of shape and measurement will be very useful, and probably do much to prevent the supply of timber un...

Conifers. Northern Pine (Pinus Sylvestris): This tree is sometimes called the Red Fir, on account of the reddish-brown colour of the bark; Yellow Fir, by reason of the colour of the wood when cut up; and Scotch Fir, because it is commonly found...

Norway Spruce, Or White Fir (Abies Excelsa): The wood of this tree is paler than the Northern Pine both in the spring and autumn wood, and is not nearly so resinous, which probably accounts for the lighter colour of the wood. To distinguish it f...

Red Pine (Pinus Rubra): This tree grows in Canada and the north of the United States, and is so called from the colour of its bark. The wood is of a reddish-yellow colour, and can only be distinguished with difficulty from ...

American Yellow Pine, Or Weymouth Pine (Pinus Strobus): This is the best American pine imported for indoor work. It is clean and very soft, the annual ring is very indistinct, and the medullary ray is invisible. The sap-wood is a greenish-grey colour, and ...

Pitch Pine (Pinus Resinosa Or Pinus Rigida): This pine is remarkable for the very wide, bright bands of resin, which fill up the autumn wood, and make the annual rings of this timber the most distinct of all. The rings are rather wide, and the m...

The Larch (Genus Larix): This timber is the most durable of all the Conifers. The best is generally imported from Russia, though much good larch is grown in this country. The wood is of a bright yellow or brownish-yellow col...

Kawri Pine (Dammara Australis): A New Zealand pine of large size. The annual ring is distinct and the texture of an even yellow-brown colour, with dense fibres much choked with resin. The timber can be obtained in large sizes, and t...

Oregon Pine (Abies Douglaisi): A fine American pine, which has been largely imported in recent years. The wood is firm and good, but shrinks in rather a marked degree in seasoning. It will swell in the autumn wood very rapidly aft...

Cedar: There are several kinds of cedar, but that most generally used, and which grows in England, is the Virginian (Juniperus virginiana). The timber resembles Honduras mahogany, except in one important par...

Yew (Taxus Baccata): This timber, which is fairly common all over Europe, is noted for its great durability in all weathers. The wood is of a deep yellow colour, with close, even texture. The annual rings are fairly disti...

Broad-Leafed Woods. Oak (Genus Quercus): The oak is the commonest of the broad-leafed trees of this country. The annual ring is distinct, there being a somewhat marked contrast between the spring wood, which is generally very visibly porous...

American Oak: There are several kinds of oak imported from America. American oak is characterised by the red tinge of colour in it. This is sometimes very marked. In a lesser degree it is noticeable for its straig...

Elm (Ulmus): There are five European varieties of this wood, which grows principally in Western Europe. The most common kind in England is the rough-leafed elm (Ulmus campestris). The elm, as may be seen from th...

Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus): This wood is rather common in the South of England. It is little used, though durable in exposure to weather. The annual ring is not very distinguishable, and though the medullary rays are rather lar...

Plane Tree (Platanus): There are two common kinds of this tree, one growing in Asia Minor and the East generally (Platanus orientalis), and the other in the United States (Platanus occidentalis). They are much alike, and bo...

Poplar (Genus Populus): There are five different kinds of poplars commonly growing in England, and two in America, but their general characteristics are not greatly different. This tree is found rather plentifully distribut...

Chestnut (Castanea Vesca): This is known as the Spanish or sweet chestnut; the latter name was given because the fruit is edible. It is a large, fairly common tree in this country, and, like the oak, will live for a very great...

Alder (Alnus Glutinosa): This tree is common in damp districts and by the banks of rivers. The wood is soft, of an even yellow colour, slightly tinged with red when seasoned, but is white when first cut down. The annual ring ...

Walnut (Juglans Regia): This tree thrives in England, but it is a native of the South of Europe and of the same latitudes in Asia and America, where it grows to a much greater size. The Walnut when young produces very in...

Teak (Tectona Grandis): One of the most valuable of woods, from its great strength, durability, and resistance to the attacks of insects, and is therefore greatly used for all structural purposes. The Teak tree grows in Indi...

Mahogany (Swietenia Mahogani): There are two rather distinct kinds of this tree - the Honduras, growing in Central America, and the Spanish,flourishing in Cuba. A slightly varied kind of the latter is from Hayti and the Bahamas. ...

Spanish Mahogany: This variety, grown on the rocky soil of Cuba and Hayti, is much darker in colour, harder, heavier, and more beautiful than the Honduras, but not so strong or stiff. The beauty of this wood is remark...

Jarrah (Eucalyptus Marginata): This wood is sometimes called the Australian mahogany, and is grown chiefly in Western Australia. It is of a fine rich red colour, even textured, hard, and durable, and, having but little figure, is ...

Lime: The European lime is a soft, white, even-textured wood. The annual ring is fairly distinct, but the medullary ray is rarely visible. The wood is plain, but, being very reliable and not apt to warp, is...

Ebony: A dense, heavy, hard wood of a black colour, with white, or nearly white, sap-wood. This wood is the darkest coloured of all known timbers, and is consequently used in good cabinet-work where a black...

Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum Officinale): One of the hardest and heaviest of woods. It is imported from the West Indies, and is used for purposes requiring great resistance to crushing strains. The annual ring is distinct, but the medullary ...

Other Materials. Glue: This important material in a manual training room is sold usually in three kinds, Scotch, French, and 'Town,' but all are made from the hoofs and hides of oxen and other animal products. These substa...

Nails: There is a very great number of kinds of nails -about 300 - and only a few can possibly be described here - indeed, it would be beyond the compass and object of this work to endeavour to do more. Brie...

The Joiners' Cut Brad: The Joiners' Cut Brad (fig. 32) is used where the strain is not great, and as they are required for this purpose, the head only projects on one side. They do not make such large holes as cut nails, an...

French Nails: fig. 33. These nails are made of round wire, pointed, and with a large round flat head which projects rather considerably. They are not punched in, but allowed to lie flat on the surface of the wood. ...

Chapter IV. Tools: The varieties and scope of the tools to be used in manual instruction have been generally described in the introductory chapter, but there are still the important questions of the pattern and quality,...

Marking And Guiding Tools: The Marking Gauge is a tool or instrument used to make lines or scratches parallel to one side or edge of a piece of wood. Gauges vary in the details of their construction, but the pattern given in th...

Paring Tools: Chisels And Gouges The chisel consists of two parts - the handle and the blade. The handle is generally made of beech, but sometimes of ash, and, in some of the light carving tools, of box. It is ma...

Paring Tools. Part 2. Planes: Planes are used chiefly for reducing broad and long surfaces to perfectly smooth, flat, or curved forms, as may be required, or for making continuous grooves and mouldings of a more or less complicate...

Paring Tools. Part 3. Planes: When the irons are well screwed up, the cap-iron is slightly bent inwards by the pulling of the screw, with the effect that the smooth inner surface of the lower end is kept very hard down on the face...

The Jack Plane: The Jack Plane (fig. 55) is used for the first dressing of timber, but with care it can become the instrument for finer work also, especially if the wood operated on be originally fairly even in surf...

Trying Plane: (fig. 56). This plane is longer and larger than the jack plane, and with a somewhat wider iron. It is used to finish the surfaces of timber which are required to be very true and straight, after the j...

Smoothing Plane: (fig. 57). In case the surface of a piece of wood should not be smooth enough, even after the jack plane and trying-plane have been used, the smoothing plane is resorted to. In very fine work it is a...

The Rebate Plane: (fig. 59). This plane is used for cutting rebates or steps on the edge of a piece of wood, or grooves in the wood at a distance from either edge. It varies in width from 1/2 in. to 2 ins., but that u...

The Spokeshave: The Spokeshave (fig. 60) is another form of plane used for modelling curved surfaces and edges. The most common kind in England has a wooden stock of beech or box-wood, formed into a handle at each ...

The Router: (fig. 63). This tool, frequently improvised, is used for many purposes, and is accordingly made with every kind of blade. The particular router illustrated in fig. 63 is intended to reduce depressed p...

Rasping Tools. Saws: Saws are used to cut timber both across and with the grain, with the smallest possible amount of waste and the greatest economy of power. A simple cutting edge, like an axe or a chisel, can only be u...

Rasping Tools. Saws. Part 2: Fig. 67. Fig. 68 shows the shape of this sharpened tooth, and also the 'set' usually given. In actual sharpening, the file also removes a small portion of the back edge of the preceding tooth. This...

Rip Saw: (fig. 69). This saw is used almost exclusively for sawing with the grain, for which purpose it is specially intended. The blade should be 26 ins. long, and the back and cutting edges should taper som...

Hand Saw: The hand saw is used for sawing across the grain and for general purposes of many kinds. It is similar in general character to the rip saw, but as it is intended to overcome greater resistance, it is ...

Panel Saw: This is similar to the hand saw, but shorter, thinner in the blade, and with smaller teeth, very finely 'set.' The purpose of this saw is for cutting through pieces of timber, where it is important t...

Tenon Saw: This saw is for a similar purpose to the panel saw, but it is not intended to cut such thick pieces of wood as will necessitate passing the whole depth of the saw through the cut. The blade is made th...

Bow Saw: (fig. 73). This saw is used to make sharp curves, and consequently very little substance from the teeth to the back of the saw is allowable, or it will not go smoothly round the line of cut. The diffi...

Boring Tools: Brace And Bits These are inseparable boring tools. The brace (fig. 77) is of the American pattern, with adjustable screw socket, having jaws to take any convenient sized rectangular shape. The secti...

Driving And Holding Tools: The Hammer (fig. 84). The general appearance of this tool is familiar. The kind required for the work of a manual training room is the ordinary carpenter's hammer, as in the illustration. It should ...

Tool Sharpening: The sharpening of tools is necessary to their proper management and use, and this is especially the case with good tools, where quality may be very much discounted by allowing them to get blunt. The p...

Chapter V. Bench Work. Exercise I. Marking, Sawing, And Chiselling: Tools Used Small try-square, say 4 1/2-in. blade; marking gauge; tenon saw, 10-in. blade; 1/2 -in. or 3/8 -in. firmer chisel, and the 2-ft. jointed rule. Material Required A carefully machine-sawn ...

Exercise II. A Slight Variation Of Exercise I: The drawing associated with this model is an excellent one, giving a good practical application of geometry to actual work. After drawing the outline of the plan, draw a square on one end of it equal...

Exercise III. Sawing With Tenon Saw. - Simple Face And Edge Planing. Planing To A Thickness And Breadth: Tools Used Jack plane, small try-square, marking gauge, tenon saw, and -in. or 3/4-in. chisel. The drawing of this exercise, which should be to scale 1/2, need only be made in isometric proje...

Exercise IV. Planing. - Sawing With Tenon Saw. - Chamfering With Plane And Chisel. - Marking With Thumb-Gauge: Tools Used Jack plane, marking gauge, try-square, and 3/4-in. or 7/8-in. or 1-in. firmer chisel. Timber Required Yellow deal 1 ft. by 2 1/4 ins. by 7/8 in. The drawing for this exercise should onl...

Exercise V. Fig. 117. Face And Edge Planing. - Drawing With Set-Squares On Wood. - Sawing With Tenon Saw. - Horizontal And Vertical Chiselling: Tools Used Jack plane, try-square, tenon saw, marking gauge, bevel, and various firmer chisels. Timber Yellow or white deal, bass-wood or butternut, 1 ft. 6 ins. by 2 1/4 ins. by 7/8 in. The drawi...

Model I. - A Tooth-Brush Rack: Fig. 119 Sawing With Hand And Tenon Saw Vertical Chiselling End Grain Shooting With Plane Boring And Screwing. Tools Used Hand saw, tenon saw, 1/4 -in. and 3/4 -in. chisel, jack plane and smooth...

Model II. - A Soap Box: Fig. 124 Sawing With Hand And Tenon Saw Planing Horizontal And Vertical Paring Boring And Nailing. Tools Used Hand and tenon saw, jack plane, 1/4 in. and 3/4-in. firmer chisels, bradawl, hammer ...

Model II. - A Small Bracket: Fig. 128 This is an alternative and slightly easier model than the preceding. A piece of yellow deal 14 1/2 ins. long, 5 1/4 ins. wide, 3/4 in. thick will be required. No change is necessary in tool...

Model II. B. - A Letter Or Envelope Case: Fig. 133. This Is Another Model Which May Be Taken Instead Of Model II The wood required is a piece of bass-wood, yellow deal, or some hard wood, 14 1/2 ins. by 5 1/4 ins. by in. thick, and an...

Model III. A Rack For Button-Hooks, Keys, Etc: Fig. 137. Fresh Tools Used. - Trying And Smoothing Planes And Bevel Material Required A piece of bass-wood 14 1/2 ins. by 2 1/2 ins. by 3/4 in. and a strip of some darker-coloured wood, say walnut o...

Model IV. A Planing Exercise: Fig. 144 Tools Required Trying plane, jack plane, square, gauge, centre bit. Plan. End view. Side view. Fig. 144. This is a very simple model, given to enable the pupil to get some practi...

Model V. Planing In The Direction Of The Grain To A Prismatic Form: Fig. 146 Tools Required Compass, thumb-gauge, jack plane, trying plane, and tenon saw. The illustration here given shows a regular hexagonal prism, but this particular form need not necessarily be ...

Model VI. An Elliptical Mat: Fig. 149. - The new tools in this exercise are the bow saw, and spoke-shave. Gauging, edge and face planing, glueing, sawing with bow saw, and edge modelling with spokeshave are involved. Having dra...

Exercise VI. Sawing, Edge Shooting, And Boring. Sawing, Edge Shooting, And Boring: Fig. 155 First make the drawing of the exercise, and in doing this, all the polygons as shown need not be adhered to, but it is very important that the square should be made, though the boring in the...

Model VII. A Letter Rack. Face And Edge Planing, Boeing, And Screwing: Fig. 156. - The drawing of this model should be made to scale 1/2 , and should include the elevations of back and side, and the projected elevation of one of the sloping fronts (a practical illustrati...

Model VII. A. Another Letter Rack: Fig. 158. - This model is really very similar to the last, and the cleverer boys of a class may make it instead of the preceding one. Two pieces of oak or bass-wood, one 1 ft. 5 ins. long, 43/4 ins. ...

Model VII. B. Another Form Of Hanging Rack: Fig. 160. - This rack is an easy alternative model to the two preceding ones, but combines the use of rather a large number of tools. Face and edge planing, sawing, paring, boring, modelling with spo...

Exercise VII. Simple Parquetry - Edge Shooting And Use Of Smoothing Plane: Fig. 162. The drawing of the plan shows only one side of the long diagonal covered by the thin pieces of the parquetry, but the other side is left blank merely to reveal the foundation of yellow deal....

Exercise VIII. The Angle Bridle, Or Open Mortice And Tenon Joint: Fig. 167. A fresh tool - the mallet - is introduced in this exercise. The drawing should be an isometric projection of the finished joint, but with the small projection of the tenon cut off smooth. A...

Model VIII. A Lamp Ok Vase Stand: Fig. 175. - Face and edge planing, angle bridle joint, parquetry laying, and blocking are involved. No fresh tools are required to make this model. The drawing should include all those in the illustr...

Model IX. A Bracket: Fig. 177. - Stop sawing is the new operation introduced here. The drawing should be plan, elevation, and side elevation, as shown. Side elevation. Front elevation. Plan. Fig. 177. Two piece...

Exercise IX. Lapped Halving Joint: Fig. 180. This joint is really an outcome of Exercise I. The sketch in fig. 180 is all the drawing which will be necessary on paper. A piece of wood 10 ins. long, 1 3/8 in. wide, and 1 in. thick will...

Model X. - An Oxford Picture Frame: Fig. 183 This model involves the fresh exercise of chisel modelling on the face of the frame, the mount should only be attempted in rare cases. In drawing this model, the complete figure need not be...

Exercise X. A Shield: Fig. 185 Bow sawing, and modelling with the chisel and spokeshave, are the chief exercises in this model. Front elevation. Side elevation. Section on a b. Section on c d. Fig. 185. The d...

Exercise XI. Dovetail Halving: The drawing of this exercise need only be the isometric projection. Plan and elevation can be made instead, however. A piece of yellow deal about 11 1/2 ins. long, 1 3/4 in. wide by 1 in. thick, will...

Exercise XII. Stopped Dovetail Halving: This is similar to the ordinary dovetail halving, except that the dovetail does not go completely across the width of the timber. This form of halving is used where the end grain of the dovetail showi...

Model XI. A Towel Rolle: Fig. 193 Stopped dovetail halving, boring, and modelling with plane are here involved. The drawings showing part of the front elevation, the section of the roller, the section through the middle of ...

Model XII. A Newspaper Rack: Fig. 197 The construction of this model gives practice in planing, the half lap, and dovetail halving joint, corner chamfering, and bow sawing. The whole of the orthographic projections should be ma...

Model XIII. - A Hanging Newspaper Rack: Fig. 202. As An Alternative To The Preceding The drawing of the front elevation shows on one side the back, and on the other the appearance of the completed rack. The side elevation should be made, a...

Model XIV. - A School Pen Tray: Fig. 205 This is an easy and attractive model. All the drawings in fig. 205 should be made, and an isometric sketch can be executed as well, but the shape of the curved handle is difficult for childr...

Exercise XIII. Wedged Mortice And Tenon Joint: Fig. 207. The drawing should be plan and elevation, or isometric projection, but in the illustration other details are shown to enable the student to more readily understand the construction. Fig. ...

Model XV. - An Application Of The Mortice And Tenon Joint In Making A Mirror Frame - Rebating: Fig. 214 The drawings should be the elevation and the vertical and horizontal sections. For the two sides and the bottom rail, three strips of yellow deal or bass-wood, 1 1/2 in. wide and 1 in. thic...

Model XVI.- Triangular Framing Carrying Shelves: Fig. 219 This model gives a slight variation of the dovetailed halving joint, and another application of the wedged mortice and tenon. It is somewhat difficult, and involves a large amount of materia...

Model XVII. - An Inlaid Handled Tray: Fig. 220 This is an attractive model, and gives a good drawing lesson. Both side, end elevation, and plan should be made. The inlaying in the base of this model is the new tool operation introduced ...

Exercise XIV. Mitred Angle Bridle Joint: Fig. 222. The drawing of the complete finished joint may be made or that of the piece of wood, with both ends cut ready to complete the joint, as in fig. 224. This exercise can be very well performed...

Model XVIII. - A Picture Frame Involving The Use Of The Joint In The Foregoing Exercise: Fig. 225 The wood required will be two strips of yellow deal, bass-wood, or sycamore, 1 ft. 4 ins. long, 1 1/2 in. wide, and 1 in. thick, and two 10 ins. long, of the same width and thickness. Iso...

Exercise XV. Another Form Of Mitred Joint, Showing Square Shoulders On The Back: Fig. 226. This form of joint is stronger than the first form given, in Exercise XIV., and is much more commonly used in construction, where it is not essential that the mitred joint should show on bot...

Exercise XVI. The Grooved And Cross-Tongued Mitred Joint: Fig. 229. This joint is used to secure thin pieces of wood which could not easily be strongly joined by leaving a tenon on one half. In this exercise, however, the wood is rather thick, as the pupil ...

Exercise XVII.Stopped, Grooved And Cross-Tongued Mitre Joint: Fig. 230 This joint is, as will be seen, very similar to the preceding, the difference being that the groove does not extend right through. The edges of the mitre should be shot true, as in the ordin...

Model XIX. - A Standing Picture Frame: Fig. 231 The drawing of this model should be the side elevation, giving the angle of the front and the back leg, the front elevation b, Buttons ; d, Projected back view of block to receive leg. ...

Exercise XVIII. A Parquetry Mat: Fig. 230. Dovetailed wedged clamping is introduced in this exercise. The drawing should be the plan of face, and back, and section on a b, as shown. The foundation must be made from a piece of wood (...

Exercise XIX. A Box With Grooved And Tongued Joints (Across The Grain): Fig. 245. The drawing shows the plan of box, a longitudinal section on a b, and a cross section on c d. They should all be drawn, and preferably an enlarged section of the joint also, as in fig. 246. ...

Model XX. - An Ink-Well With Swinging Lid: Fig. 249 The chief exercise in this model is the grooved and tongued joint. The drawing shows the plan and elevation of the box with the lid turned back. The plan shows the seat of the ink-well and ...

Exercise XX. Stop Chamfering: Fig. 251. A piece of wood is to be chamfered on the edges, and at one end the chamfer is to be stopped with an inclined face, and at the other with a curve, making a segment of a circle. This exercis...

Model XXI. - A Hanging Bracket With Chamfered Edges: Fig. 255 The front and side elevations are all the drawings necessary. The bracket may be made of any wood at the discretion of the teacher, but we will presume that it is made of bass-wood or walnu...

Model XXII. - A Set Of Hat-Pegs: Fig. 256 This model makes a good chamfering exercise. The drawing should be the front elevation, and the section showing the side view of the peg. The isometric view of the peg is given, however, as...

Exercise XXI. Gouging: Fig. 257. The drawing should be the plans of sides at right angles to each other, or a section, as shown in fig. 258. A piece of wood 12 ins. long is to be grooved on all its sides, as shown. Mark t...

Model XXIII. - An Inkstand: Fig. 260 Draw the plan and section as shown in the illustration. Timber Required Yellow deal, bass-wood, or pine, 12 3/4. ns. long by 2 3/4 ins. wide and 1 3/4 in. thick. Plane up the strip of woo...

Model XXIV. - A Pen Rest: Fig. 261 All the orthographic projections shown should be made. The timber should be some tough wood for the uprights and some soft wood for the base - beech in the former, and yellow deal for the la...

Model XXV. - A Footstool Involving The Haunched Tenon Joint: Fig. 262 The orthographic projections should be drawn. The timber required, which may be yellow deal or pine, is as follows: - For legs, one piece ............................. rails, twice ...

Model XXVI. - A Framed Bracket Shelf: Fig. 268 This is a variation on the haunched mortice and tenon joint, and gouging on a curved surface is introduced. The drawings should be the projections in fig. 268, and the section of the framin...

Exercise XXII. A Shield: Fig. 272. This shield is much more difficult than the two given earlier in the course, as may he seen from the drawing, and involves the use of the gouge as well as the firmer chisel. In doing the wo...

Exercise XXIII.Framing Made With Another Form Of Edge Dovetailing: Fig. 278. The drawings should be as in fig. 278, showing plan, end, and side elevation. The timber is 1 3/8 in. wide, 7/8 in. thick, and two pieces 12 1/2 ins. long and two 8 1/2 ins. long will be r...

Model XXVIL. - A Box With Common Dovetailed Joints: Fig. 281 The drawings should be the usual orthographic projections, as shown, but in the plan of the box a portion of the lid is removed in order to show the fillet round the lid. Presuming that a b...

Model XXVIII. - A Hanging Box: Fig. 285 This box is jointed in the same way as the preceding one, and, in fact, there is nothing new introduced except the hinge-ing, and, as it is only required to nail two small pieces of leather ...

Model XXIX. - An Inlaid Parquetry Tray, With Common Dovetailed Joint: Fig. 286 This is an attractive but advanced model. The drawings should be all the orthographic projections in fig. 286, and the section on a b, as shown. An isometric projection would be too complica...

Model XXX. - A Book Rack Made With The Lapped Dovetail Joint: Fig. 291 The orthographic projections in fig. 291 should be drawn. The timber required will be, of course, dependent upon the precise size of the book rack required; but a larger size than that in th...

Chapter VI. The Workroom And Its Fittings: The size of a manual training room is dependent on the - number of boys under instruction, and these will be regulated by the number of instructors. One teacher cannot conveniently take more than twe...

The Workroom And Its Fittings. Continued: Tool Rack This is lettered B in fig. 293, and a larger sketch is shown in fig. 296. The pigeon-holes at the top are for storing work, and the shelf underneath is for storing the tools. Fig. 297 is a ...

Complete Equipment Required For A Class Of Twenty Boys: 20 Jack Planes1 4 Trying Planes 4 Smoothing Planes 1 Iron Faced 2 Rebate Planes 20 Brass Back Tenon Saws l 5 Panel Saws 3 Bow Saws, 8 ins. 2 Spare Blades for do. 1 Bow Saw, 12 i...

Books for Manual Training Classes: Barter's Drawing For Manual Training Classes. 32 Plates. Barter's Woodwork. 4th Thousand. 7s. 6d. Le Land's Drawing And Designing. Second Edition. 1s. Leland's Wood Carving. Third Edition. 5s. Lel...

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Manual Instruction: Woodwork. The English Sloyd | by S. Barter

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