Bonaparte. I. Lucien, prince of Canino, second brother of Napoleon, born in Ajaccio, March 21, 1775, died in Viterbo, June 29,1840. He attended with his brother Joseph the college of Autun for nearly two years, and afterward studied at the military school of Brienne and at the seminary of Aix in Provence. He then lived some time with his uncle, the future cardinal Fesch, and in 1792 returned to Corsica. Lucien was an ardent supporter of the revolution, and Paoli called him his little Tacitus. After Paoli's rupture with France in 1793 Lucien abandoned him, and went at the head of a deputation to Paris to solicit assistance against him and against the English. Subsequently he became connected with the commissary department at St. Maximin, and exerted much influence in that little town, as president of the popular society and the revolutionary committee, in preventing political excesses. He was nevertheless arrested after the fall of Robespierre, while he was acting as military inspector in the vicinity of Cette, and released only after six weeks' imprisonment through Napoleon's influence with Barras, who subsequently appointed him commissary of war.

About the same time he married a poor girl of Provence. In 1798 he was elected deputy to the council of 500, of which he became president after Napoleon's return from Egypt. Having been a prominent supporter of the constitutional reforms projected by Sieyes, he aided in securing his cooperation for the coup d'etat of the 18th Brumaire, and was one of the most active in its execution. During the stormy scenes in the council of 500 he left the chair under the protection of Napoleon's grenadiers. He was appointed by the first consul to the newly created senate, but at his request he became minister of the interior as successor of Laplace, who took Lucien's seat in the senate; and the administrative centralization of France was initiated during his tenure of office. He reestablished the official organ, the Mercure de France, and promoted letters and arts; but he was too independent to suit his brother, and his relations with him became still more embittered through Fouche, who taunted Lucien with his improvident course and with his illicit relations with the actress Mezerai, and falsely charged him with conspiring against the first consul.

Lucien was removed from the ministry and sent as ambassador to Madrid. Here he ingratiated himself with Godoy and Charles IV., and in March, 1801, secured the alliance of Spain with France in the attack upon Portugal. But he subsequently allowed himself to be outwitted by Godoy, incurring the censure of Napoleon, who charged him with having played into the hands of England, but ordered him to remain in Spain till after the conclusion of the treaties of Badajoz and Amiens, although Lucien had at once tendered his resignation. On his return to Paris, early in 1802, he became a member of the tribunate. He supported the conclusion of the concordat, and aided his brother in being made consul for life. Elected as the deputy of the tribunate to the grand council of the legion of honor, of which he was one of the founders, he became in this capacity an ex officio member of the senate. The institute was reorganized and enlarged under his auspices, and both he and his second wife, whom he married in 1802, were popular in literary and general society; but this alliance was so displeasing to Napoleon that Lucien, who never sacrificed his dignity and independence, broke oft all relations with him and left France in the spring of 1804. He went to Milan, then to Pesaro, and eventually took up his residence in a magnificent palace in Rome, devoting himself to literary and archaeological labors, in which he became so much absorbed that Count Miot, charged by Napoleon in 1806 to offer a crown to Lucien if he would repudiate his wife, did not even venture to broach the subject.

In December, 1807, Napoleon sought an interview with him at Mantua, and offered him a crown, the hand of the prince of Asturias for his daughter, and a duchy for his wife, provided he would divorce her. But Lucien spurned these tempting offers, and deemed it prudent to leave Rome in view of the emperor's increased exasperation, and to reside on his extensive estate near Viterbo, which the pope converted for his benefit into the principality of Canino. Lucien felt even here insecure against Napoleon, and embarked at Civita Vecchia Aug. 1, 1810, for the United States; but he was captured by an English cruiser and conveyed to Malta, and thence to England. Though Lucien was not connected with the empire, and Napoleon even had his name struck out of the imperial almanac, he was treated as a prisoner and detained at Ludlow castle, "Wales. Shortly afterward, however, he was allowed to reside at Thorngrove, Worcestershire, where he remained till April, 1814, when he returned to Rome. As soon as he was apprised of the emperor's banishment to Elba, he became as generous to him in his adversity as he had been vehement in opposing his tyranny in his prosperity, and assisted him during the hundred days.

After spending some time with his friend Mme. de Stael in Switzerland, he took up his. official residence in the palais royal as an imperial prince; but the chamber of peers declined admitting him as such, recognizing him only as an ordinary member. He was installed among the members of the government upon the emperor's departure for Waterloo. After the fatal issue of that battle his appeals to the chambers in favor of the preservation of the empire proved unavailing, and Lafayette gave him a crushing reply by referring to the vast hosts sacrificed to the emperor's ambition. He in vain advised his brother, to dissolve the chambers, and on his second abdication he insisted upon his transferring the throne to Napoleon II., whose claims he also vindicated in the senate. He remained with Napoleon till the end of June, and subsequently twice proposed to share his captivity in St. Helena. Going to Italy, he was arrested at Turin, and released after three months on the intervention of the pope, to whose dominions he returned, to devote himself in his villa Russinella, near Frascati, to literary and archaeological labors.

Beranger applying to him for assistance in 1803, Lucien immediately placed at his disposal his annual income from the academy, and the poet expressed his gratitude in the preface to his songs of 1833; but Lucien was excluded from the academy after the restoration, though he had been one of its benefactors. He published a description of his famous collection of Etruscan antiquities, and his other works include a novel, La tribu indienne, ou Edouard et Stellina (2 vols., Paris, 1799), which was translated into English and German; Charlemagne, ou VEglise delivree (2 vols., London, 1814; English translation by Butler and Hodgson), and other poems; La verite sur les Cent Jours (Paris, 1835); and his Memoires, of which the first volume appeared in 1836, and an extract of the second volume was published by his widow in 1845 under the title, Le 18 Brumaire. - Lucien's first wife, Christine Eleonore Boyer, daughter of a hotel proprietor, died in Paris, May 14, 1800. She bore him two children: Chaelotte, born May 13, 1796, married in 1815 Prince Mario Gabrielli, and in 1842 the Roman physician Centamori, and died in Rome May 6, 1865. Ciieistine Egypta, born in Paris, Oct. 19, 1798, married in 1818 the Swedish count Arved Posse, and in 1824 Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart, and died in Rome in May, 1847. Lucien's second wife (1802) and previous mistress was Maeie Alexandrine Chrelotte Louise Laurence de Bleschamp, who was divorced from her first husband, the wealthy stock broker Jouberthon. She was an amiable and accomplished woman, and published a poem, Batilde, reine des Francs (Paris, 1820). She bore him four daughters and four sons.

Of the former, Jeanne died shortly after her marriage with Count Honorati; Maeie married Count Vincenzo Yalentini, who died in 1858; Constance became abbess of the convent of the Sacred Heart in Rome; and LAEtitia, born in Milan, Dec. 1,1804, was the wife of Sir Thomas Wyse, for many years British ambassador in Athens, became a widow in 1862, and died March 15, 1871. One of her two daughters became in 1862 the wife of the Hungarian general Tiirr, and the other, Marie, after the death of her first husband, Prince Solms, in 1862, contracted a second marriage in 1863 with the Italian statesman Ratazzi. (See Ra-tazzi.) II. Charles Lncien Jules Laurent, prince of Oanino and Musignano, a naturalist, son of the preceding, born in Paris, May 24, 1803, died there, July 29, 1857. He was educated in the universities of Italy. In 1822 he married at Brussels his cousin Zenaide, the daughter of Joseph, ex-king of Spain. He joined, his father-in-law in Philadelphia, and gained a high reputation as an ornithologist, which was increased by his subsequent labors after his return to Italy in 1828. On the death of his father in 1840 he inherited his princely titles, but continued to devote himself exclusively to scientific pursuits till 1847, when he touched upon politics at the scientific congress of Venice, and was expelled by the Austrian authorities.

After a visit to London and Copenhagen he went to Rome, where he supported Pius IX. as long as he adhered to a progressive policy; but when the pope changed front and was eventually driven to Gaeta, the prince of Canino became a prominent leader of the revolutionists, was a member and vice president of the constituent assembly, and gallantly upheld the cause of the republic until the occupation of Rome by French troops, July 3,1849, after which he left for France. Despite the warning given him at the frontier, he continued his journey toward Paris, and was arrested at Orleans by order of Louis Napoleon and conveyed to Havre, whence he sailed for England. In 1850, however, he was permitted to reside in Paris, where in 1854 he became director of the jar din des plantes. He was the founder and president of many scientific congresses in Italy, lectured before them on natural history, and was elected member of the academies of sciences of Upsal and Berlin, and correspondent of the French institute. He wrote extensively on American and European ornithology and other branches of natural history. Many of his writings are contained in academical annals and other periodical publications.

His principal separate works are: "American Ornithology, or the Natural History of Birds inhabiting the United States, not given by Wilson" (4 vols. 4to, illustrated, Philadelphia, 1825-'33, with descriptions of over 100 new species of birds discovered by him); Specchio comparativo delle ornithologie di Roma e di Filadelfia (Pisa, 1827, establishing a comparison between European and American birds); and Iconogrqfia delta fauna Italica (3 vols., royal 4to, richly illustrated, Rome, 1833-'41). His latest and partly posthumous productions comprise Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe (1 vol. 4to, Paris, 1856); Ieonographie des pigeons, and in conjunction with M. de Pouance Icono-graphie des perroquets (Paris, 1857-'9). A volume of "Memoirs of Himself" was published in New York in 1836. - His wife, an accomplished woman, who translated Schiller's dramas and assisted her husband in his scientific labors, died in Italy, Aug. 8, 1854. She bore him twelve children, four of whom died young. The surviving five daughters became respectively the wives of Marquis Roccagio-vine, Count Primoli, Count Campello, and Prince Placido Gabrielli. The eldest son, Joseph Lucien Charles Napoleon, born in Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1824, barely escaped assassination in Rome, Feb. 10, 1850, though he was not connected with politics, and died in that city, Sept. 2, 1865. He was succeeded as head of the family by his brother, Lucien Louis Joseph Napoleon, born in Rome, Nov. 15, 1828. He was ordained as a priest in 1853, and is a great favorite of Pius IX., whose privy chamberlain he was till 1868, when he was made cardinal.

Napoleon III. conferred upon him in 1865 the title of French prince and of highness, and during the existence of the second empire he was generally regarded as a Bonapartist candidate for the papacy. His only surviving brother is Napoleon Gre-goiee Jacques Philippe, born in Rome, Feb. 5, 1839. He married in 1859 the Italian princess Ruspoli, and the title of highness was conferred upon him in 1861. He became captain in the Algerian rifle corps, and joined the Mexican expedition. III. Louis Lucien, a philologist and chemist, second son of Lucien, born at Thorngrove, Worcestershire, England, Jan. 4, 1813. In his early life he resided in the United States and in Italy, mainly devoting himself to philological and other scientific studies. After the revolution of February, 1848, he was chosen member for Corsica to the constituent assembly, but his election was annulled. In 1849, however, he was chosen by the department of the Seine to the legislative assembly; and in 1852 he was made senator, with the title of French prince and highness. His works on chemistry, and especially on philology, won for him a doctor's diploma from the university of Oxford, the membership of the academy of sciences of St. Petersburg, and other marks of distinction.

He has published translations of St. Matthew's parable of the sower into 72 European dialects; La langue basque et les langues finnoises (London, 1862); a Basque version of Solomon's Song (1863); and numerous other writings relating to Basque, Celtic, and other branches of philology, besides several works in French and in Italian on chemistry. IV. Pierre Napoleon, third son of Lucien, popularly known as Prince Pierre, born in Rome, Sept. 12,1815. He went in 1832 to the United States, served with San-tander in South America, and was involved in quarrels owing to his violent temper. He then returned to Italy, where he soon made himself obnoxious, and in 1836 the papal authorities ordered him to depart. Of the policemen who came to escort him to the frontier he killed the chief and wounded two of the subordinates; but being himself wounded in the fray, he was obliged to surrender, and for a considerable time was imprisoned in the castle of Sant' An-gelo. On his release he returned to the United States, where he was soon again involved in troubles. He next went to England, and afterward to Corfu. After having in vain offered his military services to France and Egypt, he at length obtained in 1848 employment in the foreign legion of the French army.

He was elected to the constituent and legislative assemblies, where he acted with the extreme left, vehemently opposing all reactionary measures. In 1849 he joined the army in Algeria, but returned to France without permission at the most critical moment of a siege. For this he was cashiered with the express approval of the assembly; and he fought a duel with a journalist who had commended his dismissal. After the coup oVetat of Dec. 2, 1851, he kept aloof from politics, though invested with princely dignities and endowments, and lived at Auteuil, near Paris, with his mistress, the daughter of a washerwoman of the faubourg St. Antoine, whom he married in 1869. In 1870 he acquired great notoriety by his assassination, on Jan. 10, of one of Rochefort's collaborators, the journalist Victor Noir, who with his colleague Ulrich de Fonvielle called at his country residence to demand satisfaction from him in behalf of their friend Paschal Grousset, who charged the prince with having disparaged him in a newspaper published in Corsica. The prince, after a brief altercation, shot Noir dead, and also aimed the revolver, which he had carried loaded in his pocket, at Fonvielle, who escaped unhurt.

This event created a great sensation, and threw additional odium upon the imperial dynasty at a time when its fortunes had already begun to decline. Pierre was arrested, and to prevent disturbances in Paris, a high court, the members of which were carefully selected by the authorities, was convened at Tours, and the trial (March 20-27) resulted in his acquittal of the charge of murder, the prince pretending that he had acted in self-defence, having been slapped in the face by Noir. He was, however, condemned to pay an indemnity of 25,000 francs to the family of his victim, and to bear the costs of the trial. The emperor requested him to leave the French territory, and he has since resided in London, mainly supported by his wife, who opened a fashionable millinery establishment there under her princely title. She has borne him several children, who were legitimized after their marriage. V. Antoine, the fourth son of Lucien, born at Frascati, Oct. 31, 1816. He was educated in Italy, and went in 1832 to the United States in the hope of meeting his father, who however had already sailed for England. Afterward he resided with him in Italy, but became involved in trouble with the papal troops and had to leave Rome. He returned there after the revolution of. 1848, but refrained from joining the ultra democrats.

In 1849 he went to France, and was a conservative member of the legislative assembly till Dec. 2, 1851, when he retired from politics.

As he did not court his cousin the emperor, he was excluded from the endowments enjoyed by many of his relatives who pursued a more obsequious course.