The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition | by Graham Lusk
The earliest scientific observations concerning nutrition were founded upon the commonly noted fact that in spite of the ingestion of large quantities of food, a normal man did not vary greatly in size from year to year. It was understood early in the history of physiology that the weight added by the ingestion of food and drink was lost in the urine, the feces, and the "insensible perspiration." The "insensible perspiration" was partly in evidence when moisture of the warm breath condensed upon a cold plate. By it were meant the usually invisible exhalations from the body, which are now known to be carbon dioxid and water.
| Title | The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition |
| Author | Graham Lusk |
| Publisher | W. B. Saunders Company |
| Year | 1919 |
| Copyright | 1917, W. B. Saunders Company |
| Amazon | The Elements of the Science of Nutrition |
By Graham Lusk, Ph.D., Sc.D., F.R.S. (Edin.), Professor Of Physiology At The Cornell University Medical College, New York City
Third Edition, Reset
To The Memory Of Carl Von Voit Master And Friend From Whom The Author Received The Inspiration Of His Life's Work This Volume Is Dedicated
"The greatest joy of those who are steeped in work and who have succeeded in finding new truths and in understanding the relations of things to each other, lies in work itself".
Carl von Voit.
Chapter I. Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition- The earliest scientific observations concerning nutrition were founded upon the commonly noted fact that in spite of the ingestion of large quantities of food, a normal man did not vary greatly in siz...
- Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition. Part 2
- Liebig was also the father of the modern methods of organic analysis, and with him began the great accumulation of knowledge concerning the chemistry of the carbon compounds, including many products o...
- Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition. Part 3
- It has been stated that the form of Lavoisier's respiration apparatus is unknown. In 1850 Regnault and Reiset1 published an account of respiration experiments in which small animals were placed under ...
- Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition. Part 4
- As an illustration of the practical working of the respiration apparatus the first experiment of Pettenkofer and Voit,1 which gives the metabolism in a starving man, will be described. 1 Pettenkofe...
- Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition. Part 5
- Voit,1 in his necrology of Pettenkofer, writes: Imagine our sensations as the picture of the remarkable processes of the metabolism unrolled before our eyes, and a mass of new facts became known to u...
- Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition. Part 6
- Lavoisier1 was the first to recognize that animal heat was derived from the oxidation of the body's substance and to compare animal heat to that produced by a candle. To prove this he burned a known q...
- Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition. Part 7
- In 1860 Voit3 took a Thomson calorimeter with him from London to Munich. After Frankland's determination of the heat value of the various food-stuffs and urea Voit4 prepared a table in 1866 for use in...
- Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition. Part 8
- Rubner determined the amount of heat produced from 1 gram of ash-free feces after meat ingestion and found it to be 6.127 calories, while 1 gram of ash-free feces after protein (washed meat) ingestion...
- Introductory. The Elements Of The Science Of Nutrition. Part 9
- Following Rubner, Atwater, at one time a pupil of Voit, with the aid of Rosa, the physicist, constructed a large calorimeter capable of measuring to a nicety the amount of heat given off by a man livi...
- Addendum Concerning The Nature Of The Feces
- In the historic introduction just given it has been shown that the nitrogen of the urine and feces can be made a measure for the. determination of protein metabolism. It is easy to comprehend that uri...
- Addendum Concerning The Nature Of The Feces. Part 2
- The source of the feces was further investigated by Hermann,2 whose work was later elaborated by Fritz Voit.3 The latter separated a loop of the intestine about a third of a meter long from the rest o...
- Addendum Concerning The Nature Of The Feces. Part 3
- In this connection it is interesting to note that the heat value of 1 gram of human feces is very constant whether the person is on a meat diet or a medium mixed diet. Rubner1 gives the heat value of ...
- Chapter II. The Atwater-Rosa Respiration Calorimeter
- A respiration calorimeter is an apparatus designed for the measurement of the gaseous exchange between a living organism and the atmosphere which surrounds it, and the simultaneous measurement of the ...
- The Atwater-Rosa Respiration Calorimeter. Continued
- The respiratory quotient for protein is, for the most part, the resultant of the oxidation of the various amino-acids of which protein is composed (see p. 77). This quotient, as calculated by Zuntz, i...
- Principle Of The Atwater-Rosa-Benedict Respiration Calorimeters
- The apparatus is divided into two functional parts, one for measuring the gaseous exchange, the other for measuring the heat production of the subject. A schematic presentation is here given (Fig. 1)....
- The Measurement Of Heat Produced
- Roughly speaking, one-quarter of the heat eliminated by a man is present in the water vapor which is absorbed by the first sulphuric acid bottle on the absorber table. At 20º C. 0.586 calories are con...
- Chapter III. Starvation
- Nutrition may be defined as the sum of the processes concerned in the growth, maintenance, and repair of the living body as a whole or of its constituent organs. An intelligent basis for the unders...
- Starvation. Part 2
- In the first days the amount of protein metabolized depends upon the two factors, the glycogen content of the individual and the quantity of protein ingested before the starvation period. The influenc...
- Starvation. Part 3
- The various proteins differ from one another in the relative quantity of the different amino-acids which they contain, and also undoubtedly in the manner of chemical linkage of those acids. Thus Abder...
- Starvation. Part 4
- Van Slyke and Meyer1 were able to determine directly amino-acids in the blood. Thus the absorption of 12 grams of glycocoll from the intestine of a dog caused an increase in the amino-acid content of ...
- Starvation. Part 5
- Other evidence of the constant production of amino-acids in the tissues in fasting is offered by the experiments of Turner, Marshall, and Lamson.5 In these important investigations one-third the blood...
- Starvation. Part 6
- Hanriot and Richet1 showed the even absorption of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxid during the early days of fasting in man, as is illustrated in this table: Liters O2...
- Starvation. Part 7
- During prolonged fasting the nitrogen out put sinks much below the figures of the earlier days. Thus a woman twenty-four years old averaged 4.15 gm. from the thirteenth to the twenty-fifth day of fast...
- Starvation. Part 8
- The lowest average heat production of the fasting subject when in the bed calorimeter during the night was on the thir-tieth day, and amounted to 1025 calories calculated for a twenty-four-hour period...
- Starvation. Part 9
- E. Voit2 has prepared the following table from an experiment of Schondorff3 upon a fasting dog. The quotient N content/ Fat content give the ratio between these two components of the organism at the t...
- Starvation. Part 10
- On the basis of their experiments Howe and Hawk2 conclude that a repeated fast is accompanied by less protein loss from the body than an original fast. Thus, in one dog weighing originally 3.4 kilog...
- Starvation. Part 11
- Frentzel1 has shown the effect of external work upon the protein metabolism of fasting dogs. One of the dogs did an amount of work corresponding to 216,937 kilogrammeters in three days. The protein me...
- Chapter IV. The Regulation Of Temperature
- It has been seen that the temperature of a warm-blooded animal is maintained at the normal throughout a, fast. Not only this, but it is maintained at the same level, even though the temperature of the...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 2
- If the body were a mass of cells having the shape of a ball with a constant heat production in its center, it would be easy to calculate its temperature in the different zones of the interior. The los...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 3
- Further analysis showed Rubner2 that this evenness of heat production per unit of body surface was not due to any relation between the area of body surface and the area of cell surface within the orga...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 4
- The following table presents the results of work upon those persons whose surface areas were actually measured: Comparison Of Area Of Body In Square Meters As Actually Measured With That Calculated...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 5
- Recent experiments by Moulton1 show that the nitrogen content of cattle is almost exactly proportional to the surface area of the animal. If the nitrogen content be a measure of protoplasmic tissue, t...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 6
- Some idea of the activity of the blood flow which equalizes the body temperature may be obtained from the observations of Burton-Opitz,1 from which may be calculated that an amount of blood equal to t...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 7
- A temperature of 200 was readily borne by this dog without any increase of his metabolism. The period of unchanging metabolism extended over at least ten degrees between 200 and 300, during which time...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 8
- The distance between opposite points of the curved line represents the total metabolism at a particular temperature. The principles laid down here regarding the lower animals apply equally to man. ...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 9
- The effect of wind is such that an imperceptible air current may have a very pronounced influence. Rubner3 has shown that wind becomes perceptible when it attains a velocity of 0.4 to 0.5 meter a seco...
- The Regulation Of Temperature. Part 10
- Another factor in the heat regulation of man is clothes. Certain savage races living in cool climates do without clothes, as, for example, aborigines of Terra del Fuego, who, according to the reports ...
- Chapter V. The Influence Of Protein Food. Part I. Nitrogen Equilibrium
- It has been thought that protein is a food which is in itself sufficient for all the requirements of the body. Pfluger1 was able to keep a very thin dog in good condition and doing active exercise dur...
- The Influence Of Protein Food. Nitrogen Equilibrium. Part 2
- The respiratory quotient in the foregoing series gradually rises, as would be expected from the increasing prominence of the protein in the metabolism (p. 60). Meat alone will therefore support a dog....
- The Influence Of Protein Food. Nitrogen Equilibrium. Part 3
- Abderhalden and Rona1 have accomplished a most interesting experiment upon a dog. The animal was given daily a constant quantity of non-nitrogenous foods which were: fat, 25 grams; starch, 50 grams; c...
- The Influence Of Protein Food. Nitrogen Equilibrium. Part 4
- The effect of copious drinking of water upon protein metabolism has been made the subject of various studies. A small increase in nitrogen elimination has usually been noted. This was first establishe...
- The Influence Of Protein Food. Nitrogen Equilibrium. Part 5
- The amount of urea excretion is found to be closely parallel to the urea concentration of the blood. This relation was formulated in Ambard's laws of urea elimination.5 (1) When the concentration o...
- The Influence Of Protein Food. Nitrogen Equilibrium. Part 6
- And noticed the time of the elimination of nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus through the kidney. It was six days before all the nitrogen of the ingested white of egg was eliminated, whereas that in ve...
- Chapter VI. The Influence Of Protein Food. Part II. The Intermediary Metabolism
- The term intermediary metabolism with which so much modern work is intimately associated was used by Bidder and Schmidt on the first page of their celebrated Verdauungssafte und Stofrwechsel, publ...
- The Influence Of Protein Food. The Intermediary Metabolism. Continued
- After the ingestion of protein in the normal organism this sugar early becomes available and may be oxidized before the nitrogen belonging to it is eliminated, or if the sugar be formed in excess, it ...
- The Process Of Deamination
- The nature of the attack of the living cell upon the NH2 group of the amino-acids has been the subject of much investigation. The process was at first thought to be one of simple hydrolysis, as follow...
- The Oxidation Of Fats
- In order to be able to understand the further fate of some of the deaminized remainders of the amino-acids, the method of oxidation of fatty acids must be understood. The experiments of Knoop3 are bas...
- The Fate Of The Amino-Acids. Glycocoll (Ch2nh2.COOH)
- Probably both carbon atoms are able to enter into the formation of glucose. Present in most proteins; in large amount in gelatin; absent in milk proteins and in gliadin of wheat. It has been noted ...
- The Fate Of The Amino-Acids. Glycocoll (Ch2nh2.COOH). Continued
- This discussion has shown that one may compute that 35, 37, and 38 per cent, of the total endogenous protein metabolism of man, goat, and pig may pass through a glycocoll stage and be eliminated in th...
- D-Alanin (Ch3.CHNH2.COOH)
- All three carbon atoms are able to enter into the formation of glucose. Found in all true proteins. In zein as much as 13.4 per cent., in muscle protein about 8 per cent, is present. Neuberg2 found...
- Valin ((Ch3)2: Ch.CHNH2.COOH)
- Present in small amounts in most proteins. Fate obscure. By the method of liver perfusion, Embden, Salomon, and Schmidt6 could find no acetone bodies arising from valin. 1 Wohl: Biochemische Ze...
- Leucin ((Ch3 )2: Ch.CH2.CHNH2COOH)
- Present in all proteins. Convertible into -oxybutyric acid. Leucin when given to a phlorhizinized dog produces little or no glucose.2 When added to a perfusing fluid and passed through a surv...
- Glutamic Acid, Hooc.CH2.CH2.CHNH2.COOH
- Present in all proteins, frequently largest constituent amino-acid in the molecule, as in gliadin of wheat (44 per cent.) and in muscle (22 per cent.). Three carbon atoms enter into the formation of g...
- Lysin, Nh2.CH2.CH2.CH2.CH2.CHNH2.COOH
- Present in proteins of animal origin. Absent in zein and present in very small amount in such a vegetable protein as gliadin. It is the only amino-acid with a straight chain which does not form glucos...
- Arginin, Nh2.CNHNH.CH2CH2CH2.CHNH2.COOH
- Present in most proteins. Probably three carbon atoms form glucose. Kossel and Dakin6 found that liver but not muscle contained an enzyme capable of splitting d-arginin into urea and ornithin, the ...
- Tryptophan (Formula Below)
- Present in animal proteins except gelatin. Absent in zein. Produces neither glucose nor -oxybutyric acid, but is convertible into kynurenic acid. Dakin6 could find no certain increase in suga...
- Food Economics. Summary
- It has been noted that in completely phlo-rhizinized dogs the actual D : N ratio is 3.65 : 1. How accurately may one calculate the theoretic origin of glucose from the present amount of information at...
- Addendum Concerning The Composition Of The Urine
- The urine removes the soluble products of metabolism from the organism and the respiration eliminates the gaseous products. The two mechanisms combined maintain .the normal reaction of the blood. I...
- Creatinin
- McCollum1 has observed that pigs may be nourished for long periods of time when fed with a mixture of starch and inorganic salts in sufficient quantity to maintain their weights and energy requirement...
- Creatin
- Creatinin is the anhydrid of creatin, a constituent of normal muscle. Creatin by treatment with acid is converted into creatinin as follows: The close chemical relation between these two substa...
- The Reaction Of Urine And Blood. Ammonia
- Friedrich von Muller1 was the first to affirm that the number of grams of ammonia eliminated by an organism during twenty-four hours might be used as an indicator of the intensity of acid formation wi...
- The Reaction Of Urine And Blood. Ammonia. Part 2
- The quantity of ammonia, though it presents a clear gain of so much alkali for the body, does not appear to vary for purposes of regulating the reaction of the blood. The main regulation is accomplish...
- The Reaction Of Urine And Blood. Ammonia. Part 3
- The blood of the first six patients showed a normal PH. Only in the depth of coma a few hours before death is there a distinct fall in alkalinity, and, indeed, this fall may not be as great as in a no...
- Chapter VII. The Influence Of Protein Food (Concluded). Part III. The Respiratory Metabolism
- The discussion of the more important details of the breakdown of amino-acids in the organism reveals the modern beginning of mental penetration into the biochemical reactions in the organism. The g...
- The Respiratory Metabolism. Part 2
- The respiratory quotients (see Fig. 15) fall during the hours of carbon retention to below that of protein itself (which is 0.80), because the uncoridized carbohydrate is retained in the organism as g...
- The Respiratory Metabolism. Part 3
- An interesting contribution to the subject of the possible formation of fat from protein has been made by Weinland,1 who found in the case of the blow-fly (calliphora), which lays its eggs in meat, th...
- The Respiratory Metabolism. Part 4
- Thus far in this book the influence of external temperature upon the course of protein metabolism has not been discussed. Rubner has shown that this is a factor of profound significance. It has alread...
- The Respiratory Metabolism. Part 5
- Rubner, therefore, planned an experiment in which a dog was kept at a temperature of 330. At times the animal was made to fast in order that the basal requirement could be determined, and during other...
- The Respiratory Metabolism. Part 6
- These facts are brought out in Fig. 17. It should be remembered that 25 grams of glycocoll and 20 grams of alanin are each convertible into 20 grams of glucose. Leucin and tyrosin exerted only a sligh...
- The Respiratory Metabolism. Part 7
- The chemical stimulus to the cells does not reside in the amino-acids themselves, for there is no accumulation of amino-acids in the tissues after the ingestion of meat in large quantities. (See Van S...
- Chapter VIII. The Influence Of The Ingestion Of Fat
- In a previous chapter it was shown that the amount of fat in the fasting organism materially affected the amount of protein burned. Where there was much fat present little protein was consumed; where ...
- The Influence Of The Ingestion Of Fat. Part 2
- In man, after the administration of 210 grams of butter, Magnus-Levy noted a maximal increase of 9 to 14 per cent, above the basal metabolism during the seventh hour. During the eighth hour the increa...
- The Influence Of The Ingestion Of Fat. Part 3
- A prolonged deposition of protein in the normal adult, when fat is given with it, is demonstrably difficult. . The question arises, Does the ingestion of large quantities of fat also cause an incre...
- Glycogen
- The gastro-intestinal tract converts starches into glucose, inverts sucrose into glucose and fructose, and lactose into glucose and galactose, so that these soluble mono-saccharids become the fuels tr...
- The Intermediary Metabolism Of Carbohydrate
- The chemical transformations of sugar molecules present a fascinating field for the explorer. It is only possible to indicate here some of the scientific facts which are leading to a correct understan...
- The Intermediary Metabolism Of Carbohydrate. Continued
- Levene has accomplished a large amount of work upon the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrate. He5 reported that leukocytes suspended in a Henderson phosphate mixture containing glucose induced glyc...
- The Influence Of Carbohydrate On Protein Metabolism And Protein Retention
- At the suggestion of Voit, who believed that the sudden withdrawal of carbohydrate from the food would increase protein metabolism and would explain the high tissue waste in diabetes, Lusk4 establishe...
- The Influence Of Carbohydrate On Protein Metabolism And Protein Retention. Part 2
- A significant fact is that when the body changes from a carbohydrate diet to one of fat or protein there is a considerable loss of water. This was first noted by Bischoff and Voit,1 who gave bread to ...
- Influence Of Carbohydrate On Protein Metabolism And Protein Retention. Part 3
- Rubner has given further useful definitions. A repair quota of protein is required in the food in order to replace that lost in the wear and-tear quota. A growth quota of protein is necessary in...
- Influence Of Carbohydrate On Protein Metabolism And Protein Retention. Part 4
- It is a valuable piece of information to know that one may diet an obese patient on a food containing little protein and two-thirds the body's energy requirement without danger of protein loss. The ot...
- Influence Of Carbohydrate On Protein Metabolism And Protein Retention. Part 5
- Grafe5 has announced that urea when given with carbohydrate protects body protein from waste just as ammonium citrate does. This is denied by Abderhalden.6 Henriques and Andersen7 explain Grafe's resu...
- Chapter X. The Influence Of The Ingestion Of Carbohydrate. Part II. The Respiratory Metabolism
- In a previous chapter (see p. 238) it has been stated that when Rubner gave cane-sugar to a dog and measured the metabolism during a period of twenty-four hours the heat production was raised by an in...
- The Influence Of The Ingestion Of Carbohydrate. The Respiratory Metabolism. Part 2
- The calorimetric and respiratory experiments which established these interrelations are portrayed in the accompanying chart (Fig. 20). Fig. 20. - Illustrating the effect of the ingestion of glu...
- Influence Of Ingestion Of Carbohydrate. Respiratory Metabolism. Part 3
- It is, of course, known that the end-product of sugar metabolism, carbonic acid, is a stimulus to the respiratory center; but the end-product cannot be the cause of its own increased production for th...
- Influence Of Ingestion Of Carbohydrate. Respiratory Metabolism. Part 4
- From the data obtained with this dog the following computation may be made, which shows that the sum of the individual increases of heat production caused by each substance is only a little more than ...
- A Theory Of Metabolism
- Rubner1 conceived that the living cell had essentially two nutritive affinities - one for fat, the other for carbohydrate. When, as in diabetes, the affinity for carbohydrate was rendered inactive, fa...
- The Conversion Of Carbohydrate Into Fat
- Voit, when he wrote his Physiologie des gesammt Stoff-wechsels und der Ernahrung, in 1881, was unable to give definite proofs of the conversion of carbohydrate into fat in the organism, although suc...
- Chapter XI. The Influence Of Mechanical Work On Metabolism
- In the account of metabolism during starvation a short description has already been given of the influence of mechanical work on protein metabolism, of the influence of posture on general metabolism, ...
- The Influence Of Mechanical Work On Metabolism. Part 2
- Generally speaking, neither clothing nor temperature affects the amount of the metabolism during exercise. They influence only the quantity of water eliminated in the perspiration, in the effort of th...
- The Influence Of Mechanical Work On Metabolism. Part 3
- The following experiment not only indicates the fully proved point that muscular work does not increase protein metabolism, but it also shows that the character of the protein metabolism is unchanged ...
- The Influence Of Mechanical Work On Metabolism. Part 4
- These experiments, however, were the first to demonstrate exactly that mechanical work was done at the expense of a dynamic equivalent of metabolism - a splendid confirmation of the law of the conserv...
- The Influence Of Mechanical Work On Metabolism. Part 5
- Brezina and Kolmer1 report that the height of the initial respiratory quotients obtained during periods of mechanical work are proportional to the intensity of the work accomplished. When 1.6 calories...
- The Influence Of Mechanical Work On Metabolism. Part 6
- A study of the table on p. 327 will show that it requires much less energy for a horse to move 1 kilogram of his weight 1 meter horizontally than for a dog to do the same at the same velocity. It also...
- The Influence Of Mechanical Work On Metabolism. Part 7
- Katzenstein3 finds that the metabolism during the descent of a mountain is less by 10 per cent, than the increase caused by walking on a level surface. The muscles which act to inhibit a too rapid des...
- Chapter XII. A Normal Diet
- The principles of metabolism have been sufficiently explained in the foregoing chapters to make it possible to understand the basis of a diet which shall be physiologically rational. It has been se...
- A Normal Diet. Part 2
- During the period of nine months the nitrogen of the urine was determined daily. The average was 5.69 grams. During the last two months and a half the average elimination was 5.40 grams for a body wei...
- A Normal Diet. Part 3
- In analyzing the effect of the factors of the bread-potato-fruit diet Hindhede found that an exclusive bread diet gave a urine which exhibited a strong tendency to deposit uric acid, and notes that th...
- A Normal Diet. Part 4
- Ranke1 describes experiments on himself (weight = 73 kilograms) during the hottest months of summer weather in Munich, at which time he partook of an ample diet, rich in protein (135 grams), containin...
- A Normal Diet. Part 5
- In Chittenden's experiments there was no analysis of the expired air, and conclusions are drawn from the maintenance of body weight. Several of the larger-sized soldiers (those who weighed 70 kilog...
- A Normal Diet. Part 6
- Rubner1 cites the following food values consumed daily per inhabitant of different cities, based upon municipal statistics of gross consumption: Municipal Food Statistics Pro...
- A Normal Diet. Part 7
- It is evident that milk with its high protein content is a food par excellence for the growing organism or for the invalid convalescing from wasting disease. It contains too large an amount of protein...
- A Normal Diet. Part 8
- Voltz and Dietrich3 have given dogs 2 c.c. of alcohol per kilogram of body weight. After ten hours only 73 per cent, of the material had been oxidized, or enough to provide for 43 per cent, of the ene...
- Chapter XIII. The Nutritive Value Of Various Materials Used As Foods
- In 1897 Eijkman1 published the observation that the disease beriberi was due to a one-sided diet of polished rice, and that if rice were not milled, but eaten with its pericarp, beriberi did not ensue...
- The Nutritive Value Of Various Materials Used As Foods. Part 2
- Hess1 reports that in an asylum where infants were fed with pasteurized milk during a period of four months scurvy developed, accompanied by a stunting in the normal growth of the infants. This was at...
- The Nutritive Value Of Various Materials Used As Foods. Part 3
- In 1911 Osborne and Mendel1 published the first results of a prolonged series of valuable contributions to the knowledge of growth. These authors found that if a single protein, like casein, were adde...
- The Nutritive Value Of Various Materials Used As Foods. Part 4
- In another chapter of this book (see p. 156) the unequal nutritional value of the proteins, such as are found in meat or gelatin, have been emphasized. This difference in nutritive value was set forth...
- The Nutritive Value Of Various Materials Used As Foods. Part 5
- When vegetable protein was administered in large quantity there was about the same percentage retention as when it was given in smaller amount. Hence, McCollum concludes that the limitation of growth ...
- Chapter XIV. The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth
- Mute and still, by night and by day, labor goes on in the workshops of life. Here an animal grows, there a plant. The wonder of the work is not less in the smallest being than in the largest.1 In...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 2
- Experiments which were carried out by Carpenter and Murlin1 present an admirable picture of metabolism under the change in conditions effected by parturition. These authors investigated the heat produ...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 3
- This is the period of the morning sickness, established in pregnant women during the fourth to sixth week, and accompanied by lack of appetite, vomiting, emaciation, and usually sallowness of face. ...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 4
- The mother, previously described as having been investigated by Slemons, had plenty of milk, and the baby gained an average of 30 grams a day during the first forty days of his life. Slemons remark...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 5
- Hart and Humphrey3 have shown that the protein content of the milk varies very little even though a cow may be losing her own flesh to furnish the milk. Thus, when a cow was given a food with a nutri...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 6
- A very important fact regarding the nutrition of the young is that the milk of one race is specifically adapted to the growth of the offspring of that particular race. Bunge2 found that dogs' milk had...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 7
- Human milk has a varying calorific value dependent largely on the amount of fat present. Thus Schlossmann1 finds that the calorific value per liter of nineteen samples of milk from 19 women averages 7...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 8
- The principal recent work upon this subject of the metabolism of children has been accomplished in the United States. It was begun by John Howland and continued by Benedict and Talbot, and by Murlin a...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 9
- Oppenheimer1 first called attention to the fact that the growth in grams of normal breast-fed children of the same age may be nearly proportional to the quantity of milk ingested. Here the milk presum...
- The Food Requirement During The Period Of Growth. Part 10
- Rubner,2 in apparent ignorance of this work of Dr. Wilson, has arrived at essentially the same conclusions, and he finds that the law is true regarding all species (horse, calf, sheep, pig, dog, cat, ...
- Chapter XV. Metabolism In Anemia, At High Altitudes, In Myxedema, And In Exophthalmic Goiter
- In man one-thirteenth part of the body weight is carried as blood to the lungs at least every minute and there exposed for a period of two seconds to the action of the alveolar air. The blood in the c...
- Metabolism In Anemia, At High Altitudes, In Myxedema, And In Exophthalmic Goiter. Part 2
- Muscular exertion in man leads to an increase in the quantity of lactic acid in both blood2 and urine,3 due, in all probability, to slight local anemia in the muscles. (See p. 322). The considerati...
- Metabolism In Anemia, In Myxedema, And In Exophthalmic Goiter. Part 3
- Pettenkofer and Voit1 observed the metabolism in an acute case of leukocythemia of four years' duration, and at a time four months before the death of the patient. There was one white to every three r...
- Metabolism In Anemia, In Myxedema, And In Exophthalmic Goiter. Part 4
- Fraenkel and Geppert3 placed a dog which had fasted seven days under the influence of greatly diminished atmospheric pressure and found an increased protein metabolism which continued on the second an...
- Metabolism In Anemia, In Myxedema, And In Exophthalmic Goiter. Part 5
- In 1911 the Anglo-American Pike's Peak Expedition, consisting of Douglas, Haldane, Yandell Henderson, and Schneider,8 spent several weeks on the summit of Pike's Peak with a view to making a thorough ...
- Metabolism In Anemia, In Myxedema, And In Exophthalmic Goiter. Part 6
- Boycott and Haldane4 found in experiments on themselves when they were confined in a steel pneumatic cabinet that if the atmospheric pressure was reduced to 356 mm. of mercury, corresponding to a heig...
- Metabolism In Anemia, In Myxedema, And In Exophthalmic Goiter. Part 7
- Durig and Zuntz1 made a voyage to Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands (situated at about the latitude of Florida), and there ascended a volcano which rises to a height of 3160 meters. They found no e...
- Metabolism In Anemia, In Myxedema, And In Exophthalmic Goiter. Part 8
- Andersson and Bergman6 have given large quantities of thyroid extract to a man who was kept in perfect quiet, and no increased output of carbonic acid was noticed. They attribute the increased metabol...
- Chapter XVI. Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning
- It is said that the sweet taste of diabetic urine was familiar to Susruta, a physician who lived in India during the seventh century. The disease, then as now, may have been more prevalent among the H...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 2
- Minkowski1 noted that the livers of his depancreatized dogs were free from glycogen, and this fact has been confirmed by other observers. He also found that when fructose was given glycogen could be s...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 3
- Extirpation of the spleen has no influence upon the course of phlorhizin glycosuria.2 Nor has the establishment of an Eck fistula.3 An Eck fistula is one which diverts the whole of the portal circulat...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 4
- It has long been known that diabetics eliminate sugar even after all administration of sugar is stopped. It has also been generally recognized that protein ingestion tends to increase the sugar output...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 5
- Giving fat with meat to a diabetic will not ordinarily increase the sugar in the urine. The writer has never observed such an increase in any of the work of his laboratory. A large production of sugar...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 6
- The complicated theorizing of the von Noorden school, as represented by Falta's statements, found early acceptance among clinicians. However, there are many demonstrable errors in the presentation. Th...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 7
- One of the very pronounced characteristics of the diabetic is his constant emaciation. There is usually a larger excretion of nitrogen in the urine than is necessary for a healthy person. It may be re...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 8
- If a surviving liver be perfused with blood containing .oxybutyric acid, the latter is in part converted into aceto. acetic acid.1 Minced liver or even the aqueous extract of liver tissue will e...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 9
- Von Noorden2 and Magnus-Levy3 report cases in which there was a considerable excretion of aceton bodies in the urine when carbohydrates were burned. For example, one patient eliminated 4.9 grams of &#...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 10
- One by one the bulwarks of the doctrine of the conversion of fat into glucose have been shattered, and it may now be relegated to the realm of scientific superstition. Among the earliest investigat...
- Metabolism In Diabetes And In Phosphorus-Poisoning. Part 11
- The increase m metabolism is, therefore, 2 per cent, above the true normal, but 11 per cent, above the normal controls selected by Benedict and Joslin. This selection may have been justified, for in o...
- Calorimeter Observations
- Liberal diabetic diet the days before these: On the fifth day of a preliminary fast the D : N ratio of this man was 2.95. Then for four days he was given a mixed diet, moderate in quantity. After t...
- Joslin's Method. Summary Of Treatment. Fasting
- Fast until sugar free. Drink water freely and tea, coffee, and clear meat broth as desired. In very severe, long-standing and complicated cases, without otherwise changing habits or diet, omit fat, af...
- Joslin's Method. Summary Of Treatment. Fasting. Part 2
- Nothing except dieting affords permanent relief in diabetes. Opium is said to reduce the sugar output in cases bordering on the severe type.3 The cause of this action is unknown. Experiments inaugurat...
- Joslin's Method. Summary Of Treatment. Fasting. Part 3
- Cremer,1 in a series of excellent experiments, has shown that a vegetable pentose, such as rhamnose, may be burned in a rabbit and spare an isodynamic equivalent of fat. In one rabbit, on a fasting da...
- Joslin's Method. Summary Of Treatment. Fasting. Part 4
- A corroborating fact found by Shibata1 is that, although the amount of fat in the liver is increased in phosphorus-poisoning, the quantity of total fat in the organism is much reduced during the progr...
- Chapter XVII. Metabolism In Nephritis, In Cardiac Disease, And In Other Cases Involving Acidosis
- In 1821 Prevost and Dumas1 observed that if the kidneys of a dog be extirpated, urea accumulates in the blood. This observation led to the discovery by Bright in 1836 that the amount of urea in the bl...
- Chapter XVIII. Metabolism In Fever
- By fever is generally understood a complex of phenomena the dominant characteristic of which is a rise of body temperature. If the term fever be confined simply to the latter aspect, one might class...
- Metabolism In Fever. Part 2
- Careful experiments by Graham and Poulton,3 conducted in Friedrich Muller's clinic in Munich, have shown that in man a body temperature of 40.20, brought about by the influence of a steam bath, does n...
- Metabolism In Fever. Part 3
- Senator1 early recognized that the increase in body temperature took place in consequence of a disturbed relationship between an abnormally high heat production and a heat elimination not correspondin...
- Metabolism In Fever. Part 4
- On the whole, these experiments show that in fever the increase in metabolism and of body temperature occur simultaneously. Further experiments planned along these lines, using other fevers and perhap...
- Metabolism In Fever. Part 5
- Under these conditions the heat production may be increased 30 or 40 per cent, above the normal, despite the characteristic cachexia.3 In milder cases of carcinoma, however, an increase in metabolism ...
- Metabolism In Fever. Part 6
- The efficiency of a carbohydrate diet in typhoid fever was first demonstrated by Shaffer and Coleman,1 who showed that the ingestion of large amounts of carbohydrate in a medium protein diet may almos...
- Metabolism In Fever. Part 7
- On autopsy of patients who have died of fevers, parenchymatous and fatty degenerations of the organs have been found. These changes have been ascribed to overheating of the cells. Litten1 warmed gu...
- Chapter XIX. Purin Metabolism - Gout
- Uric acid was discovered in urinary calculi by Scheele in 1776, and was found to be present in gouty concretions by Wol-laston in 1797. It has since been the subject of investigations almost without n...
- Purin Metabolism - Gout. Part 2
- The enzyme nucleinase which breaks the polynucleotid complex of nucleic acid may not act as a simple unit. Thus, Jones and Richards1 found that when the tetranucleotid, yeast nucleic acid, was mixed w...
- Purin Metabolism - Gout. Part 3
- Furthermore these authors find that the guanase is absent from pigs' livers, while adenase and xanthin oxidase are present. It is interesting that Mendel and Mitchell1 have found in the liver of the e...
- Purin Metabolism - Gout. Part 4
- It is evident that the liver is not the only organ in which uricase converts uric acid into allantoin. Wiechowski found that the allantoin excretion of the cat followed the same laws as obtain in t...
- Purin Metabolism - Gout. Part 5
- Burian and Schur3 also established the fact that while the endogenous uric acid elimination varied between 0.3 and 0.6 gram daily, according to the individual, it did not vary in the same individual, ...
- Purin Metabolism - Gout. Part 6
- The subject of gout is one of the most baffling in the literature of metabolism. Despite the brilliant work upon the purins during the last ten years, work which has been illuminated by the discovery ...
- Purin Metabolism - Gout. Part 7
- In leukemia, where there must be a large destruction of nucleoprotein, as evidenced by a report concerning a patient who eliminated 12 grams of uric acid during the last forty hours of life, there is ...
- Purin Metabolism - Gout. Part 8
- Von Noorden and Schliep6 suggest that gouty patients be tested for their tolerance for purin bodies just as diabetics are tested for their tolerance for carbohydrates; 400 grams of meat contain 0.24...
- Chapter XX. The Influence Of Certain Drugs Upon Metabolism
- Important work concerning the influence of certain drugs upon the basal metabolism in normal men has been carried out by Higgins and Means1 in Edsall's clinic at Boston. They present a summary of thei...
- Chapter XXI. Food Economics
- The consideration of the food supply from a national standpoint was forced upon Germany at the outbreak of the great war which is now in progress. Eminent scientists combined in a report upon the pros...
- Food Economics. Part 2
- Such a dietary taken by the 100,000,000 inhabitants of the country would cost per annum $11,500,000,000 if the German minimum of 3000 calories daily per adult be allowed. This cost is twice what the p...
- Food Economics. Part 3
- It is not possible to consider the details of the great amount of extremely valuable work accomplished by the scientific departments of the Washington Government and in the individual Agricultural Exp...
- Fahrenheit And Centigrade Scales
- Fig. 28. - Thermometer showing comparison of Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales. ...
- Convenient Comparisons Of Metric And Avoirdupois Weights
- 1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds. 1 pound = 453.6 grams. 1 ounce = 28.3 grams. 1 liter = 61.027 cubic inches = 1.7608 pints. 1 gram-calorie = 0.425 kilogram-meters of mechanical energy. 1 met...
- The Chemical Composition Of Normal Urines On Purin-Free Diets
- (After Folin, see p. 209). Person. E. S. A. H..B. H. June. March. July. 29th ...
- Year Of 1905 Table Showing The Cost Of Protein And Energy
- As Furnished by a Number or Common Food Materials, at Prices Current in the Eastern Part of the United States. Compiled by -, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1905, in Farmers' Bulletin, No. 85, p....
- Books on Pathology, Physiology, Histology, Embryology, Bacteriology, Biology
- W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY WEST WASHINGTON SQUARE PHILADELPHIA 9. HENRIETTA STREET COVENT GARDEN, LONDON Prentiss And Arey's Embryology Laboratory Manual and Text-Book of Embryology. By Charle...
- Books on Pathology, Physiology, Histology, Embryology, Bacteriology, Biology. Part 2
- Eyre's Bacteriologic Technic Bacteriologic Technic. A Laboratory Guide for the Medical, Dental, and Technical Student. By J. W. H. Eyre, M. D., F. R. S. Edin., Director of the Bacteriologic Departm...
- Books on Pathology, Physiology, Embryology, Bacteriology, Biology. Part 3
- Mcfarland's Biology: Medical And General Biology: Medical and General___By Joseph McFarland, M. D. Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Phila. 12mo, 457 p...
- Books on Pathology, Physiology, Embryology, Bacteriology, Biology. Part 4
- Wells' Chemical Pathology. Chemical Pathology Being a Discussion of General Pathology from the Standpoint of the Chemical Processes Involved. By H. Gideon Wells, Ph. D., M. D., Professor of Patholo...
- Books on Pathology, Physiology, Embryology, Bacteriology, Biology. Part 5
- Norris' Cardiac Pathology Studies in Cardiac Pathology. By George W. Norris, M.D., Associate in Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Large octavo of 235 pages, 85 illustrations. Cloth, $5.00...
- American Illustrated Dictionary
- New (9th) Edition - 2000 New Terms. THE NEW STANDARD The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary. A new and com. plete dictionary of the terms used in Medicine, Surgery, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Che...
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