The American Cyclopaedia Vol7 | by George Ripley And Charles A. Dana
The American Cyclopaedia - Popular Dictionary Of General Knowledge. Vol7
The American Cyclopędia
Edited By George Ripley And Charles A. Dana.
Other spellings could be: Cyclopaedia, Cyclopedia, Encyclopędia, Encyclopaedia, Encyclopedia
- Light
- Light, that force in nature which, acting on the retina, produces the sensation of vision. It also has an important influence upon chemical affinity, as may be instanced in the union of hydrogen and c...
- Lighthouse
- Lighthouse, a structure from the top of which a light is shown at night as a direction or warning to mariners. Lighthouses are necessarily situated on headlands, isolated rocks or sands, and pierheads...
- Lightning
- Lightning, the illuminating flash produced by the discharge of atmospheric electricity, either between two clouds, or between a cloud and the earth, usually accompanied by a noise called thunder. It m...
- Ligne
- I. Charles Joseph I. Charles Joseph, prince de, an Austrian general, son of Claude Lamoral II., viceroy of Sicily, and descended on his mother's side from Mary, queen of Scots, born in Brussels in Ma...
- Liguria
- Liguria, in ancient geography, a district of northern Italy, which according to the divisions of Augustus was bounded N. by the Pa-dus (Po), E. by the Macra (Magra), separating it from Etruria, S. by ...
- Lilac
- Lilac, an ornamental flowering shrub, the name of which is said to have been introduced with the plant. It belongs to the genus syringa, of the olive family; the generic name is from the Greek for pip...
- Lilium Zeller
- Lilium Zeller, a German scholar, born at Kleinbottwar, Würtemberg, Jan. 22, 1814. He studied in Tubingen under Strauss and Baur, and in Berlin under Neander, lectured on theology in the former univers...
- Lille, Or Lisle
- Lille, Or Lisle (Originally L, 'Isle, the island; Flem. Ryssel), a fortified city of France, capital of the department of Le Nord, formerly of French Flanders, 7 m. from the Belgian frontier, 58 m. S....
- Lillebonne
- Lillebonne (Lat. Juliobona)a city of France, in the department of Seine-Inferieure, on the river Bolbec near its confluence with the Bec-quet, 19 m. E. of Havre; pop. in 1866, 5,049. It occupies a fin...
- Lilly, Or Lyly, John
- Lilly, Or Lyly, John, an English author, born in Kent about 1553, died about 1600. He became a student in Magdalen college, Oxford, about 1570, received the degree of master in 1575, and was at that t...
- Lily
- Lily, a word of ancient and uncertain origin, and one which has, according to Prior, been long used in some oriental languages for a flower in general. In common use it is often applied in combination...
- Lily Of The Valley
- Lily Of The Valley (convallaria majalis), one of the most popular of the many plants which have the name lily attached to them, but which do not belong to the genus lilium. The generic name is the Lat...
- Lima
- Lima, the capital of Peru and of the department and province of its own name, on the Rimac river, 7 m. from Callao, its port on the Pacific; lat, 12 2' S., Ion. 77 7' W.; pop. in 1863, 121,3...
- Limbo
- Limbo (Lat. linibus, border or edge), according to some of the scholastic theologians, one of the places into which departed spirits are received. St. Thomas Aquinas places hell in the centre of the e...
- Limburg
- I. A Territory Of Europe I. A Territory Of Europe, formerly constituting a province of the Netherlands. Before its division in 1830 it extended between lat. 50 42' and 51 45' N., and lon. 4...
- Limburg-On-The-Lahn
- Limburg-On-The-Lahn, a town of Prussia, in the province of Hesse-Nassau, 16 m. N. E. Cathedral of St. George. of Ems; pop. in 1867, 4,487. It is a very old town, celebrated for the picturesque si...
- Lime
- Lime, oxide of calcium, or quicklime, a white, alkaline, earthy substance, obtained by calcining some of the various carbonates of lime, such as pure limestones, marbles, and marine shells. It is brit...
- Limerick
- I. A S. W. County Of Ireland I. A S. W. County Of Ireland, in the province of Munster, bordering on Clare, from which it is separated by the Shannon, Tipperary, Cork, and Kerry; area, 1,035 sq. m.; p...
- Limestone
- Limestone, the generic name of all rocks which are principally composed of carbonate of calcium. It is more particularly applied to those which are not crystalline, and are not white like marble. Perf...
- Limited Liability
- Limited Liability, a peculiar responsibility for contracts, defined by statute. The instance of partnership is a common one in which parties by the relation itself assume a general liability for the a...
- Limited Partnership
- Limited Partnership (or, as it is sometimes called, special partnership), a partnership whereof one or more of the members contribute a certain amount to the capital, which may be lost by its being de...
- Limoges
- Limoges, a town of France, capital of the department of Haute-Vienne, situated on the right bank of the Vienne, which is here crossed by three bridges, 215 m. S. by W. of Paris; pop. in 1872, 55,134. ...
- Limpet
- Limpet, a name applied to the gasteropod mollusks of the families patellidoe, calyptrceidce, and fissurellidce. The shell is conical, with the apex turned forward, variously ridged, and with more or l...
- Lin Kinor Riu Kiu Loo Choo Islands
- Lin Kinor Riu Kiu Loo Choo Islands, a chain of islands in the N. Pacific, between lat. 24 and 29 N., and Ion. 123 and 130 E. They are about 36 in number, besides many islets, and s...
- Lincoln
- Lincoln, the name of 1G counties in the United States. I. A S. County Of Maine I. A S. County Of Maine, bounded S. by the Atlantic and W. in part by the Kennebec, and drained by Sheepscott, Da-maris...
- Lincoln (2)
- Lincoln, a S. county of Ontario, Canada, bounded N. by Lake Ontario, and E. by the Niagara river; area, 321 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 29,517, of whom 9,005 were of English, 7,928 of Irish, 7,396 of German...
- Linden
- Linden, the name in all Germanic languages for trees of the genus tilia, its origin being obscure; the same trees are called lime, and by the old English authors lyne or line; they are called in north...
- Lindley Murbay
- Lindley Murbay, an English grammarian, born at Swatara, Lancaster co., Pa., in 1745, died near York, England, Feb. 10, 1826. He received his primary education in Philadelphia, in the academy of the so...
- Lindsay, Or Lyndsay, Sir David
- Lindsay, Or Lyndsay, Sir David, a Scottish poet, born at Garmylton, Haddingtonshire, about 1490, died about 1555 or 1567. He inherited the estate of The Mount in Fife-shire, and is commonly called S...
- Linen
- Linen (Gr. Xivov, Lat. linum, flax, linen), a fabric made of flaxen threads. The manufacture is very ancient, and no record is preserved of its early history. It was old in the time of Herodotus; and ...
- Ling
- Ling, a European fish of the cod family, lota molva (Cuv.). The body is elongated, the head flat, the gape large, the lower jaw the shorter with a single barbule at the extremity; teeth in the upper j...
- Linley
- I. Thomas I. Thomas, an English composer, born at Wells about 1725, died in London in 1795. After completing his musical education he established himself in Bath, where he was very successful in teac...
- Linn
- I An E. county of Iowa, drained by the Wapsipinicon and Red Cedar rivers and Prairie and Buffalo creeks; area, 720 sq. m.; pop. in 1*870, 31,080. It is well timbered, and has a diversified surface and...
- Linnaea
- Linnaea, a plant of the honeysuckle family, popularly known as the twin flower. The custom of naming the genera of plants in honor of botanists obtained before the time of Linnaeus, and has been conti...
- Linnaeus
- Linnaeus (Swed. Linne), Carl von, a Swedish naturalist, born near Stenbrohult, in the province of Smaland, May 24, 1707, died in Upsal, Jan. 10, 1778. His father, the Protestant minister of the parish...
- Linnet
- Linnet, the name of several birds of the finch family, of the genus linota (Bonap.) or cegioihus (Cab.); the distinguishing characters have been given under Finch, in the genus fringilla of which they...
- Linseed Oil, Or Flaxseed Oil
- Linseed Oil, Or Flaxseed Oil, an oil expressed from the seeds of flax, and very extensively employed in the arts, and particularly in the preparation of paints for woodwork and other surfaces. It is t...
- Linum
- Linum, the classical name of flax, and the botanical name of a genus of which that is the most important member (see Flax), containing several species cultivated as garden plants, both annual and pere...
- Linz, Or Lintz
- Linz, Or Lintz, a town of Austria, capital of the province of Upper Austria, at the confluence of the Traun with the Danube, which is here crossed by a wooden bridge 1,800 ft. long, 93 m. W. of Vienna...
- Lion
- Lion (leo, Leach, and felis leo, Linn.), the largest and most majestic of the cat family, an inhabitant of Africa and Asia. Several species are made by some zoologists, and these are even elevated int...
- The Lion Louis VIII
- The Lion Louis VIII, king of France, son of Philip Augustus, born in 1187, died at Mont-pensier in Auvergne, Nov. 8, 1226. Before his accession he went to England by invitation of the barons hostile t...
- Lipans
- Lipans, a tribe of American Indians, a branch of the Apaches. In the last century they roamed from the Rio Grande and the borders of Chihuahua to the grounds of the Comanches, and made war on the Span...
- Lipari
- I. A Group Of Volcanic Islands I. A Group Of Volcanic Islands (anc. AEolice or Vulcanice insula) in the Tyrrhenian sea, between the W. coast of Naples and the N. coast of Sicily, from which they are ...
- Lippe, Or Lippe-Detmold
- Lippe, Or Lippe-Detmold, a German principality, bounded N. E. by the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, E. by the province of Hanover and by Waldeck, and on all other sides by Westphalia; area, 437 sq...
- Lippi
- I. Fra Filippo I. Fra Filippo, an Italian painter, born in Florence in 1412, died in Spoleto in 1469. He was of obscure parentage, and at an early age found refuge in the convent of the Carmelites in...
- Liquidambar
- Liquidambar (L. styraciflua), the sweet gum tree or bilsted, a large deciduous tree, placed by some botanists in a family by itself, while others unite it with the witch hazel and a few other genera t...
- Liquorice, Or Lieorice
- Liquorice, Or Lieorice, a medicinal article derived from plants belonging to the genus glycyrrhiza (Gr. yrvkvg, sweet, and pica, a root), commonly from the G. glabra, and probably a portion is furnish...
- Lisbon
- Lisbon (Port. Lisboa), a city and the chief seaport of Portugal, capital of the kingdom and of the province of Estremadura, on the right bank of the Tagus, about 9 m. from its mouth, 173 m. S. by W. o...
- Lisieux
- Lisieux (anc. Noviomagus), a city of Nor-mandy, France, in the department of Calvados, 25 m. E. of Caen; pop. in 1866, 12,617. It is situated in a fine valley, watered by the small streams Orbec and T...
- Lisle
- I. Guillaume De I. Guillaume De, a French geographer, born in Paris, Feb. 28, 1675, died Jan. 25, 1726. He was the son of Claude de Lisle, a geographer and historian of some note, and at the age of n...
- Litchfield
- Litchfield, the N. W. county of Connecticut, bordering on New York and Massachusetts; area, 885 sq. m.; pop. in 1870 48,727. It is watered by the Housatonic, Naugatuck, and Farmington rivers, with the...
- Litchi
- Litchi, a Chinese edible fruit, which is occasionally to be found in the fruit stores of our seaport cities. It is produced by a small tree, nephelium litohi, belonging to the sapindacece, the family ...
- Literary And Scientific Societies
- The origin of this distinctive title for private intellectual associations is as ancient as that of academies. (See Academy.) Societies existed in antiquity and in the middle ages, and in Germany and ...
- Literature Of The United States
- The literary history of the United States may be treated under three distinctly marked periods, viz.: a colonial or ante-revolutionary period (16201775), during which the literature of the country was...
- Lithium
- Lithium, a metal first obtained by Davy; symbol Li, chemical equivalent 7. (See Lithia.) It is most easily reduced from the chloride by the galvanic current. It is a soft, ductile, white metal, suscep...
- Lithography
- (Gr. ni0os, a stone, and ypa-0eiv, to write), a method of producing printed copies of a writing or drawing on stone without the usual process of engraving. It was invented about 1796-'8, in Munich, by...
- Lithuania
- Lithuania (Lith. Letuva; Pol. Litwa; Ger. Lithauen), a large tract of land in eastern Europe, which now belongs to the Russian empire, with the exception of a small part included in the East Prussian ...
- Litmus
- Litmus (Ger. Lackmus), a blue coloring matter prepared from rocella tinctoria and related lichens. The various species of rocella are found upon the rocks of the coast of the Mediterranean and other w...
- Little Rock
- Little Rock, the capital and chief city of Arkansas, county seat of Pulaski co., situated near the centre of the state, on the S. bank of the Arkansas river, about 250 m. above its mouth, and 125 m. W...
- Littleton, Or Lyttelton, Sir Thomas
- Littleton, Or Lyttelton, Sir Thomas, an English jurist, born in Devonshire early in the 15th century, died at Frankley, Worcestershire, Aug. 23, 1481. His father's name was West-cote, but he substitut...
- Littorale, Or Properly Litorale
- Littorale, Or Properly Litorale, ( Lat. and Ital., belonging to the seashore; Ger. Kusten-land), a province of the Austro-Hungarian nomarchy, situated on the N. shores of the Adriatic sea and includin...
- Liturgy
- Liturgy (Gr. neitovpyia, a public act or service), in general, the totality of the prayers and ceremonies which are used by a church for the celebration of divine worship. More commonly, however, it i...
- Liver
- Liver, an organ characterized by the presence of cells secreting bile, and found in some form or other throughout almost the whole animal series. These cells may be scattered over the intestinal canal...
- Liverpool
- Liverpool, a borough and the principal seaport of England, in Lancashire, on the right bank of the river Mersey, 4 m. above its mouth in the Irish sea, 201 m. by railway N. W. of London and 31 m. W. b...
- Liverpool (2)
- Liverpool, a town, port of entry, and the capital of Queens co., Nova Scotia, situated on the right bank of the river Mersey, here spanned by a bridge, at its entrance into Liverpool harbor, 70 m. S. ...
- Liverworts
- Liverworts, a family of cryptogamous plants, called hepaticce by botanists. The liverworts are humble, often very minute plants, in some genera resembling the lichens and in others the mosses, from bo...
- Livery Of Seisin
- Livery Of Seisin (Fr. liverie de seisine; Lat. deliberatio or traditio seisinae). A change of possession naturally accompanies, as it is indeed the best evidence of, a transfer of property. Personal c...
- Livia Drusilla
- Livia Drusilla, the wife of the emperor Augustus, born in 56 or 54 B. C, died in A. D. 29. She was the daughter of Livius Drusus, and was married first to Tiberius Claudius Nero, who, having fought ag...
- Livingston
- Livingston, the name of six counties in the United States. I. A W. County Of New York I. A W. County Of New York, watered by the Genesee river and a number of creeks; area, 509 sq. m.; pop. in 1870,...
- Livingston (2)
- Livingston, the name of a family various members of which have been distinguished in American history. John Livingston (born in 1603), the common ancestor of the family, and a lineal descendant of the...
- Livonia
- Livonia (Ger. Livland), a W. government of Russia, bounded N. by Esthonia, E. by Lake Peipus and the government of Pskov, S. E. by Vitebsk, S. by Courland, and W. by the gulf of Livonia or bay of Riga...
- Livy
- Livy (Livius Andronicus). See Andronp cus, Livius. Livy #1 Livy (Titus Liyius), a Roman historian, born in Patavium (Padua) in 59 B. C, died A. D. 17. All that is known concerning his life is that h...
- Lizard
- Lizard, the common name of several families of saurian reptiles, but properly restricted to the family lacertini, or the autosaurian group of Dumeril and Bibron. Many iguanas, geckos, monitors, and sk...
- Lizards-Tail
- Lizard's-Tail, a plant with heart-shaped leaves and long, slender, gracefully curving spikes of white flowers, growing in large clumps in swamps and along the margins of ponds and slow rivers from New...
- Lizula
- Lizula, a genus of glumaceous plants, called wood rushes; they belong to the juncaceae or rush family, but differ from jancus, the rush proper, in having softer, flatter, and grass-like leaves; their ...
- Llama
- Llama (auchenia, Illiger), a ruminant animal representing the camel family in the western hemisphere. The dentition is as follows; incisors 2/6, the upper placed at the side of the intermaxillary bone...
- Llanquihue
- Llanquihue, a province of Chili, bounded N. by Valdivia, E. by the Andes, S. by a strait separating it from Chiloe and the gulf of An-cud, and W. by the Pacific; area estimated at 8,350 sq. m.; pop. i...
- Lloyds
- Lloyd's, the name of subscription rooms on the first floor of the London exchange, where merchants, shippers, and underwriters attend to obtain shipping intelligence, and where the business of marine ...
- Lloyd Kenyon
- Lloyd Kenyon, lord, a British jurist, born at Gredington, Flintshire, Oct. 5, 1732, died in Bath in 1802. He was the son of a Welsh squire, and after a very imperfect education at a free grammar schoo...
- Lncien Anatole Prevost-Paradol
- Lncien Anatole Prevost-Paradol, a French author, born in Paris, Aug. 8, 1829, died by his own hand in Washington, D. C, July 19, 1870. His mother was a celebrated tragic actress. In 1855 he became pro...
- Lncilio Vanini
- Lncilio Vanini, an Italian philosopher, born at Taurisano about 1585, burned at the stake in Toulouse, Feb. 19, 1619. After studying at Eome and Padua, he entered holy orders, taught at Geneva, Paris,...
- Lndowick Muggleton
- Lndowick Muggleton, an English fanatic, who in conjunction with John Reeve founded the sect of the Muggletonians, born in 1609, died March 14, 1697. He was a tailor, and in 1651 proclaimed himself and...
- Lneins Jnnins Brutus
- Lneins Jnnins Brutus, a Roman patriot, lived about 500 B. C. According to the commonly received story, his mother was the sister of Tarquin the Proud, the last king of Rome, and he feigned imbecility ...
- Loach
- Loach, a soft-rayed cyprinoid fish, of the genus colitis (Linn.). The common loach of Great Britain (C. oarhatula, Linn.) is 3 or 4 in. long, with a small head, elongated body very little narrowed at ...
- Loan
- Loan, in law, the delivery of an article to a borrower, who is to use it without paying therefor. The rights and obligations of the lender and of the borrower may be considered separately. I. Eights ...
- Loango
- Loango, a kingdom in Lower Guinea, on the W. coast of Africa, N. of the embouchureof the Congo or Zaire. The name is generally applied also to the entire coast land between Cape Lopez and the Congo. O...
- Lobegott Tischendorf
- Lobegott Tischendorf (Latinized AEnothe-us) Friedrich Constautin von, a German Biblical palaeographer, born at Lengenfeld in the Voigt-land, Saxony, Jan. 18, 1815, died in Leipsic, Dec. 7, 1874. From ...
- Lobelia
- Lobelia, a genus of plants named by Lin-naeus in honor of Matthias Lobel; it is the typo of the order Lobeliaceae, which includes some half dozen other genera besides this. The lobelias are herbs, wit...
- Loblolly Bay
- Loblolly Bay, the common name for shrubs or trees of the order camelliaceae and genus Gordonia, a name which commemorates both Dr. James Gordon, an eminent Scotch physician, and Alexander Gordon, a Lo...
- Lobos Or Seal (Islands)
- Lobos Or Seal (Islands), three islands in the Pacific near the coast of Peru, and belonging to that country. The principal island, Lo-bos de Tierra, is in lat. 6 29' S. and Ion. 80 52' W., a...
- Lobster
- Lobster, a well known marine crustacean, of the order decapoda and genus homarus (Milne-Edwards). The common lobster of the United States (II. Americanus, Milne-Edwards) American Lobster (Homarus ...
- Loch Awe
- Loch Awe, a lake in Argyleshire, Scotland, 8 m. N. W. of Inverary. It is 24 m. long, and in few places more than 1 m. wide, encircled by rugged and precipitous mountains, the loftiest, Ben Cruachan, 3...
- Loch Lomond
- Loch Lomond, the largest lake in Scotland, 15 m. N. W. of Glasgow, lying between Dumbartonshire on the west and the counties of Perth and Stirling on the east. It is 24 m. long, and has its greatest w...
- Lock
- Lock, a fastening for doors, boxes, etc, designed not to be opened except by an instrument called a key especially adapted to the lock, or by manipulating some secret arrangement of bolts and pins. Th...
- Locris
- Locris, a territory of ancient Greece, occupied by the Locrians, who were said to have been descended from the Leleges. Their territory, in the opinion of Niebuhr, originally extended across the conti...
- Locri, Or Locri Epizephyrii
- Locri, Or Locri Epizephyrii, ( Western Lo-cri), an ancient city of southern Italy, situated on the S. E. coast of the Bruttian peninsula. It was founded by a colony from Locris, Greece, in the 7th ...
- Locrport
- Locrport, a city and the capital of Niagara co., New York, on the Erie canal and the New York Central railroad (which here crosses the canal by a bridge 500 ft. long and 60 ft. above the water), 20 m....
- Locust
- Locust, a saltatory orthopterous insect, of the family locustadce, and the genera acrydium, locusta, captenus, and others. The locusts are characterized by roofed wing covers, short antennae not taper...
- Lodi
- Lodi, a town of Lombardy, Italy, in the province and 18 m. S. E. of the city of Milan, on the right bank of the Adda; pop. about 20,000. It stands on a gentle elevation in the midst of a fertile plain...
- Loffoden, Or Lofoten
- Loffoden, Or Lofoten, a group of islands off the N. W. coast of Norway, between lat. 67 and 69 30' N., and lon. 12 and 17 E., extending S. W. to N. E. about 175 m.; pop. about 17,0...
- Log
- Log, and Log Line, an apparatus used in connection with the half-minute glass for obtaining the approximate rate of movement of a vessel through the water. The log is a triangular or quadrangular piec...
- Logan
- Logan, the name of five counties in the United States. I. A S. W. County Of West Virginia I. A S. W. County Of West Virginia, bordering on Kentucky, and drained by the Guyandotte and the Tug fork of...
- Logan (2)
- Logan, the assumed name of the Indian chief Tah-gah-jute, born about 1725, killed near Lake Erie in the summer of 1780. He was the son of Shikellamy, a chief of the Cayugas, who resided on the shores ...
- Logarithms
- Logarithms (Gr. noyos, ratio, and api0uos, number), numbers so related to the natural numbers that the multiplication and division of the latter may be performed by addition and subtraction, and the r...
- Logic
- Logic (Gr. nryos, reason), the science of reasoning. More strictly and properly, it is the science of deducing ideas or conceptions one from another, and of constructing them into propositions, argume...
- Logrono
- I. A Province Of Old Castile Spain I. A Province Of Old Castile, bordering on Alava, Navarre, Saragossa, Soria, and Burgos; area, 1,945 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 182,941. The northern part is generally l...
- Logwood
- Logwood, a dyewood yielded by the logwood tree (hcematoxylon Campechianum) of Central America. The tree belongs to the suborder Ccesalpinece of the natural order legumi-7ioso2. It grows in very favora...
- Loir-Et-Cher
- Loir-Et-Cher, a central department of France, including a large part of the old province of Orleanais and a small portion of Tou-raine, bordering on the departments of Eure-et-Loire, Loiret, Cher, Ind...
- Loire
- Loire (anc. Liger), a river of France, running N, N. W., and finally W. by S., across the central and western parts of the country, and dividing it into two nearly equal parts. It rises on the slope o...
- Loire-Inferieure (Lower Loire)
- A W. department of France, in Brittany, bordering on the bay of Biscay and the departments of Morbihan, Ille-et-Vilaine, Maine-et-Loire, and Vendee; area, 2,654 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 602,206. The coas...
- Loja
- Loja, an inland city of Ecuador, capital of a province of the same name, 250 m. S. by W. of Quito; pop. about 10,000. It is situated in a delightful valley nearly 7,000 ft. above the sea, near the sou...
- Lokman
- Lokman, an Arabian fabulist, represented in the Koran as a contemporary of David, and by other traditions as a descendant of the Arab tribe of Ad; and again as an Ethiopian slave, deformed and witty, ...
- Lola Montez
- Lola Montez, a favorite of Louis I. of Bavaria, born in 1824, died at Astoria, N. Y., June 30, 1861. According to some authorities she was a native of Montrose, Scotland, and the illegitimate daughter...
- Lollards
- Lollards, a name given to several religious associations in the middle ages. Its etymology has been variously explained. Some suppose that it comes from the Ger. lullen, to hum, so that the term would...
- Lombardy
- Lombardy, a division of northern Italy, lying between lat. 44 54' and 46 37' N., and lon. 8 32' and 10 50' E., and bounded N. by the Alps, which separate it from Switzerland and Ty...
- Lombok
- Lombok (native, Tanak Sassak), an island of the Indian archipelago, separated by the strait of Lombok from Baii on the west, and by the strait of Alias from Sumbawa on the east; area, about 1,850 sq. ...
- London
- London, the metropolis of Great Britain, situated on the Thames, 60 m. W. from the sea by the course of the river to the Nore light, and 40 m. in a straight line; lat. (of the centre of the dome of St...
- Londonderry
- I. A N. County Of Ireland I. A N. County Of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, bordering on the Atlantic ocean, Lough Foyle, and Lough Neagh, and on the counties of Antrim, Tyrone, and Donegal; area...
- Long Branch
- Long Branch, a village of Ocean township, Monmouth co., New Jersey, on the New Jersey Southern railroad, 28 m. S. of New York, and 63 m. N. E. of Philadelphia; permanent population about 5,000. It is ...
- Long Island
- Long Island, an island comprising Kings, Queens, and Suffolk counties, New York, situated between lat. 40 33' and 41 10' N., and Ion. 71 51' and 74 2' W.; extreme length E. and W.,...
- Long Island City
- Long Island City, a city of Queens co., New York, at the W. end of Long Island, opposite the upper part of New York city; pop. in 1874, about 16,000. It extends 3 m. E. and W. by 5 m. N. and S., and h...
- Longitude
- Longitude, in geography, an arc of the equator included between the meridian of a place and the meridian whence the degrees are counted, which is usually called the first meridian. The ancient geograp...
- Longman
- I. Thomas I. Thomas, an English publisher, born in Bristol in 1699, died in London, June 18, 1755. In 1716 he was apprenticed to John Osborn, a stationer and bookseller of London, with whom he entere...
- Longstreet
- I. William I. William, an American inventor, born in New Jersey about 1760, died in Georgia in 1814. He early removed to Georgia, and in 1790 wrote a letter to Thomas Telfair of Savannah asking his a...
- Lonis Angustin Guillanme Bosc
- Lonis Angustin Guillanme Bosc, a French naturalist, born in Paris, Jan. 29, 1759, died there, July 10, 1828. He held public offices until the reign of terror, when he sought refuge in the forest of Fo...
- Lonis Antoinc Fauvclet De Bourrienne
- Lonis Antoinc Fauvclet De Bourrienne, private secretary of Napoleon I., born at Sens, July 9, 1769, died in Caen, Feb. 7, 1834. He was the schoolmate of Napoleon at the military institute of Brienne, ...
- Lonis Bourdaloue
- Lonis Bourdaloue, a French prelate and orator, born at Bourges, Aug. 20, 1632, died in Paris, May 13, 1704. At an early age he entered the society of Jesus, and became professor of rhetoric, philosoph...
- Lonis Francois Desire Edonard Pie
- Lonis Francois Desire Edonard Pie, a French bishop, born at Pontgouin, Eure-et-Loire, Sept. 26,1815. Soon after his ordination he was appointed vicar general of Chartres, and on May 23,1849, he became...
- Lonis Jacques Maude Daguerre
- Lonis Jacques Maude Daguerre, one of the inventors of the process called after his name, born at Cormeilles, department of Seine-et-Oise, France, in 1789, died at Petit-Brie-sur-Marne, July 12, 1851. ...
- Lonis Jules Trochu
- Lonis Jules Trochu, a French soldier, born at Palais, Brittany, in 1815. He studied at the academy of St. Cyr and at the special military school for the staff at Paris, and graduated in 1810 as a firs...
- Lonis Marie De La Haie Cormenin
- Lonis Marie De La Haie Cormenin, viscount de, a French politician, born in Paris, Jan. 6,1788, died May 6, 1868. Admitted to the bar in 1808, he was two years later appointed by the emperor auditor in...
- Loom
- Loom (A. S. loma), a machine for weaving cloth. The loom is one of the oldest inventions, but among the ancients it was of exceedingly simple construction. That which is used at the present time by th...
- Lope De Vega (Lope Felix De Vega Cabpio)
- Lope De Vega (Lope Felix De Vega Cabpio), a Spanish dramatist, born in Madrid, Nov. 25, 1562, died there, Aug. 26, 1635. Shortly before his birth his father had removed to the capital from his ancestr...
- Lopez
- I. Carlos Antonio I. Carlos Antonio, president of Paraguay, born in Asuncion, Nov. 4, 1790, died there, Sept. 10, 1862. He received the best education attainable in the ecclesiastical seminary of Asu...
- Lophobranchs
- Lophobranchs, an order of bony fishes, whose gills, instead of hanging in regular fringes, are disposed in tufts arranged in pairs along the branchial arches. The external skeleton resembles the armor...
- Lord Ashburton John Dunning
- Lord Ashburton John Dunning, an English lawyer, born in Ashburton, Devonshire, Oct. 18, 1731, died in Exmouth, Aug. 18, 1783. At the age of 19 he went to London, where he was admitted to the bar in 17...
- Lord Broughton John Cam Hobhouse
- Lord Broughton John Cam Hobhouse, an English author, born June 27, 1786, died in London, June 3, 1869. At the university of Cambridge, where he graduated in 1808, he contracted an intimacy with Lord B...
- Lord Clyde Campbell Sir Colin
- Lord Clyde Campbell Sir Colin, a British general, born in Glasgow, Oct. 20, 1792, died at Chatham, Aug. 14, 1863. He entered the military service in 1808; served in Portugal and at Walcheren; was woun...
- Lord Howard Of Effingham Charles Howard
- Lord Howard Of Effingham Charles Howard, an English admiral, born in 1536, died Dec. 14, 1624. His father, William, son of Thomas, second duke of Norfolk, was lord high admiral of England and lord pri...
- Lord Lyons Of Christchurch Edmund Lyons
- Lord Lyons Of Christchurch Edmund Lyons, a British admiral, born at Burton, Hants, Nov. 21, 1790, died at Arundel castle, Sussex, Nov. 23, 1858. His ancestor, Henry Lyons of Antigua, and some time of ...
- Lord Somers John
- Lord Somers John, an English statesman, born in Worcester, March 4, 1651, died April 26, 1716. He was educated at Trinity college, Oxford, and in 1676 was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but r...
- Lord Thurlow Edward
- Lord Thurlow Edward, an English statesman, born at Little Ashfield, near Stowmar-ket, Suffolk, in 1732, died in Brighton, Sept. 12, 1806. He was educated at Cambridge, was called to the bar in 1754, e...
- Lord's Dat
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- Lord's Supper, Or Eucharist
- Lord's Supper, Or Eucharist (Gr. thanksgiving), a sacrament instituted by Christ on the night before his death. The former appellation is most common among Protestants, the latter among Roman Catho...
- Lorenz Okey
- Lorenz Okey, a German naturalist, born at Bohlsbach, Wtirtemberg, Aug. 1, 1779, died in Zurich, Aug. 11, 1851. His real name was Lorenz Ockenfuss, which he abridged to Oken when he became a private te...
- Lorenzo Bartolini
- Lorenzo Bartolini, an Italian sculptor, born at Savignano, near Prato, Tuscany, in 1777, died in Florence, Jan. 20, 1850. He took lessons from a French artist in Florence, and went to Paris in 1797, w...
- Lorenzo Campeggio
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- Lorenzo Dow
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- Lorenzo Valla
- Lorenzo Valla, an Italian scholar, born in Rome about 1410, died there or in Naples about 1460. He was ordained a priest in 1431, taught rhetoric in Pavia and other cities, and in 1435 went to Naples,...
- Loreto, Or Loretto
- Loreto, Or Loretto, a town of Italy, in the province of Macerata, 3 m. from the Adriatic and 12 m. S. of Ancona; pop. about 10,000. It is chiefly celebrated as the site of the Casa Santa, or holy hous...
- Lori
- Lori, a quadrumanous animal of the lemur family, and genus stenops (Illiger). The teeth are: incisors 4/4, canines 1/1 - 1/1, molars 6/6 - 6/6; the ears are short and rounded; the eyes large and near ...
- Lorient, Or Lorient
- Lorient, Or L'Orient, a seaport town of Brittany, France, in the department of Morbihan, on the bay of Biscay, at the mouth of the river Scorf, which is here joined by the Blavet, 266 m. W. S. W. of P...
- Lorin Blodget
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- Lorinser
- I. Karl Ignaz I. Karl Ignaz, a German physician, born in Bohemia, July 24, 1796, died at Patschkau, Prussian Silesia, Oct. 2, 1853. He studied in Prague and Berlin, where he graduated in 1817. He was...
- Lorraine
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- Lory
- Lory, a division of the parrot family, embracing several very showy birds of the East Indian and South Pacific archipelagos, characterized by a large but rather slender bill, curved to the pointed tip...
- Los Angeles
- Los Angeles, a S. county of California, on the Pacific, drained by the San Gabriel, Los Angeles, and Santa Anna rivers; area, about 6,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,309, of whom 236 were Chinese. Except...
- Lot
- Lot, primarily, that which falls to any one as his portion or destiny; hence, a die or anything used in the determination of fortunes and events by chance. This method of divination, in some form, and...
- Loth Katrine
- Loth Katrine, a lake of Perthshire, Scotland, 9 1/2m. from Callander. It is of serpentine form, about 10 m. in length, and in some places nearly 2 m. in breadth, and is surrounded with lofty mountains...
- Lothaire I
- Lothaire I, emperor of the West, born about 796, died at Prum, Sept. 29, 855. When in 817 his father Louis le Debonnaire shared the empire with his three sons, Lothaire, Pepin, and Louis, the first re...
- Lothaire II Or III, A German Emperor
- A German Emperor Lothaire II Or III, surnamed the Saxon, born near Celle in 1075, died at Bretten, near Trent, Dec, 3, 1137. His father, Gebhard of Arnsberg, fell fighting against the emperor Henry IV...
- Lott Cary
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- Lottery
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- Lotus
- Lotus, the name of a genus of plants of the family leguminosce, and nearly related to the clovers. The most common species, L. corniculatus, is called in England the bird's-foot trefoil; this has a lo...
- Loudon
- I. A N. E. County Of Virginia I. A N. E. County Of Virginia, separated from Maryland by the Potomac; area, 460 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 20,929, of whom 5,691 were colored. The surface is hilly, having t...
- Lough Derg
- Lough Derg(red lake), a lake in the county Donegal, Ireland, about 7 m. E. S. E. of Donegal, 3 m. long, and 2 1/2 m. wide at the broadest part. It is enclosed on all sides except the south by steep, b...
- Lough Erne
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- Louis Adolphe Thiers
- Louis Adolphe Thiers, a French statesman, born in Marseilles, April 16, 1797. He was educated at the lyceum of Marseilles and the law school of Aix, where he practised at the bar from 1818 to 1821. He...
- Louis Alexandre Berthier
- Louis Alexandre Berthier, prince and duke of Neufchatel and Valengin, and prince of Wagram, a French soldier, born in Versailles, Nov. 20, 1753, died in Bamberg, June 1, 1815. His father was chief of ...
- Louis Anguste Victor De Ghaisne Bourmont
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- Louis Antoine De Bougainville
- Louis Antoine De Bougainville, a French soldier and navigator, born Nov. 11, 1729, died Aug. 31, 1811. He entered the military service as aide-de-camp to Ohevert, and at the ago of 25 published a trea...
- Louis Antoine Henri De Bourbon Enghien
- Louis Antoine Henri De Bourbon Enghien, duke d', a French prince, of the Conde family, horn in Chantilly, Aug. 2, 1772, executed at Vin-cennes, March 21, 1804. He received an excellent education, serv...
- Louis Belmontet
- Louis Belmontet, a French poet, born at Montauban, March 26, 1799. He is the son of a Sardinian soldier who gallicized his name of Belmonte and settled in southern France. He early glorified the Bonap...
- Louis Bernard Guyton De Morveau
- Louis Bernard Guyton De Morveau, a French chemist, born in Dijon, Jan. 4, 1737, died in Paris, Jan. 2,1816. While yet a minor he was appointed deputy attorney general at the parliament of Dijon, which...
- Louis Cesar Joseph Ducornet
- Louis Cesar Joseph Ducornet, a French artist, born in Lille, Jan. 10, 1806, died April 27, 1856. He was born without arms, but learned in childhood to make his feet perform all the ordinary offices of...
- Louis Charles Alfred De Musset
- Louis Charles Alfred De Musset, popularly known as Alfred de Musset, a French poet, born in Paris, Nov. 11, 1810, died there, May 2, 1857. He was a son of Victor Donatien de Musset (1768-1832), better...
- Louis Charles Antoine Desaix De Veygoux
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- Louis Charles Delescluze
- Louis Charles Delescluze, a French revolutionist, born at Dreux, Oct. 2, 1809, killed in Paris, May 26, 1871. He early displayed activity as a journalist and political agitator, and participated in re...
- Louis Charles Philippe Raphael Dor-Leans Nemours
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- Louis Claude Saint-Martin
- Louis Claude Saint-Martin, marquis de, a French metaphysician, born in Amboise, Jan. 18, 1743, died near Paris, Oct. 13, 1803. For a while he practised as an advocate at Tours, but in 1765 was a lieut...
- Louis De Rouvroi Saint-Simon
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- Louis De Thomassin
- Louis De Thomassin, a French theologian, born in Aix, Provence, Aug. 28, 1619, died in Paris, Dec. 24, 1695. He studied in the college of Marseilles, became a member of the French Oratory, was appoint...
- Louis Desire Veron
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- Louis Edouard Bouet-Willaumez
- Louis Edouard Bouet-Willaumez, count de, a French naval officer, born near Toulon, April 24, 1808, died in Paris, Sept. 10,1871. He left the naval school in 1829 with the grade of ensign, became lieut...
- Louis Felicien Joseph Caignart De Saulcy
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- Louis Ferdinand Alfred Mairy
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- Louis Francois Bertin
- Louis Francois Bertin, a French journalist, born in Paris, Dec. 14, 1766, died there, Sept. 13, 1841. The revolution diverting him from the priesthood, he engaged in journalism, opposing the excesses ...
- Louis Francois De Bausset
- Louis Francois de Bausset, a French cardinal, born at Pondicherry in 1748, died in Paris, June 21, 1824. He was sent to France when young, educated at the seminary of St. Sulpice, took orders, and bec...
- Louis Francois Lejeune
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- Louis Francois Michel Raymond Wolowski
- Louis Francois Michel Raymond Wolowski, a French economist, born in Warsaw, Aug. 31, 1810. He studied in France, and, after taking part in the Polish revolution of 1830, settled in Paris, where he fou...
- Louis Gabriel Sichet
- Louis Gabriel Sichet, duke of Albufera, a French soldier, born in Lyons, March 2, 1770, died in Marseilles, Jan. 3, 1826. He entered the army in 1792, was at the siege of Toulon in 1793 as chief of ba...
- Louis Hennepin
- Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan (Recollect) missionary and explorer of the Mississippi river, born at Ath, Belgium, about 1640, died in Holland subsequent to 1701. After his entrance into the Franciscan ...
- Louis I
- Louis I, le Debonnaire (the Compliant), or the Pious, king of the Franks and emperor of the West, born at Casseneuil, Aquitania, in 778, died at Ingelheim, near Mentz, June 20, 840. He was the son of ...
- Louis IV
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- Louis Isidor Duperrey
- Louis Isidor Duperrey, a French naval officer, born in Paris, Oct. 21, 1786, died Sept. 10, 1865. He entered the navy in 1802, became an ensign in 1811, and was sent in that year to make a hydrograph...
- Louis Jean Marie Daubenton
- Louis Jean Marie Daubenton, a French naturalist, born at Montbar, May 29, 1716, died in Paris, Jan. 1,1800. Destined for the church, he was sent to Paris to study theology, but applied himself to medi...
- Louis Joseph Antoine Dc Potter
- Louis Joseph Antoine Dc Potter, a Belgian revolutionist, born in Bruges, April 26, 1786, died there, July 22,1859. He spent his youth partly in Holland, partly in Germany, and lived from 1809 to 1811 ...
- Louis Joseph Ernest Picard
- Louis Joseph Ernest Picard, a French statesman, born in Paris, Dec. 24, 1821. He began to practise law in 1846, and acquired a fortune. Subsequently he was prominent in journalism as an opponent of Lo...
- Louis Joseph Montcalm De Saint-Veran
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- Louis Joseph Papeveau
- Louis Joseph Papeveau, a Canadian politician, born near Montreal in October, 1789, died at Montebello, near Quebec, Sept. 23, 1871. He was admitted to the bar, but never practised. At the age of 22 he...
- Louis Leonard De Lomenie
- Louis Leonard De Lomenie, a French author, born at St. Yrieix, Haute-Vienne, in 1818. He is descended from the family of the cardinal Lomenie de Brienne, who was comptroller of finances in 1787 and pr...
- Louis Marie Joseph Maximilien Caffarelli Du Falga
- Louis Marie Joseph Maximilien Caffarelli Du Falga, a French soldier, elder brother of the preceding, born at Falga, Feb. 13, 1756, died near St. Jean d'Acre, Syria, April 27, 1799. The eldest of ten c...
- Louis Marie Joseph Ohier Grandpre
- Louis Marie Joseph Ohier Grandpre, count de, a French navigator and traveller, born in St. Malo, May 7, 1761, died in Paris, Jan. 7, 1846. After a long experience on the sea as a trader, i he entered ...
- Louis Mathieu Langles
- Louis Mathieu Langles, a French orientalist, born near St. Didier, Aug. 23, 1763, died Jan. 28, 1824. He studied Arabic and Persian under Sylvestre de Sacy, and in 1787 published a French translation ...
- Louis Matliien Mole
- Louis Matliien Mole, count, a French statesman, born in Paris, Jan. 24, 1781, died Nov. 23, 1855. His father, president of the parliament of Paris, lost his life during the revolution, and the son pas...
- Louis Mclane
- Louis Mclane, an American statesman, born at Smyrna, Kent co., Del., May 28, 1786, died in Baltimore, Oct. 7, 1857. He was the son of Allen McLane, a distinguished revolutionary officer. He entered th...
- Louis Moreau Gottschalk
- Louis Moreau Gottschalk, an American pianist and composer, born in New Orleans, May 8, 1829, died in Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 18, 1869. His father was an Englishman of German-Jewish descent, and his mothe...
- Louis Narbonne-Lara
- Louis Narbonne-Lara, count de, a French soldier, born at Colorno, in the duchy of Parma, Aug. 24, 1755, died in Torgau, Germany, Nov. 17, 1813. He was educated with the French princes, became a colone...
- Louis Nathaniel Rossel
- Louis Nathaniel Rossel, a French soldier, born in St. Brieuc, department of C6tes-du-Nord, in 1844, shot at Satory, near Versailles, Nov. 28, 1871. He graduated at the school of engineers in Paris, an...
- Louis Nicolas Bescherelle
- Louis Nicolas Bescherelle, aine, a French lexicographer and grammarian, born in Paris, June 10, 1802. He was educated at the college Bourbon, and afterward employed in the archives of the council of s...
- Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
- Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, a French chemist, born in Normandy, May 16, 1763, died Nov. 14, 1829. He was employed by an apothecary in Rouen previous to his removal to Paris in 1781, where he studied phar...
- Louis Pasteur
- Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, born in Dole, Dec. 27, 1822. He took his degree in 1847, was professor of physical sciences at Dijon from 1848 to 1849, and afterward of chemistry at Strasburg till 18...
- Louis Philippe
- Louis Philippe, king of the French from 1830 to 1848, born in the Palais Royal, Paris, Oct. 6, 1773, died at Claremont, near London, Aug. 26, 1850. He was the son of Philippe Egalite, duke of Orleans,...
- Louis Philippe Dorleans Paris
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- Louis Pierre Henriquel-Depont
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- Louis VI
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- Louis Veuillot
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- Louis XII
- Louis XII, king of France, the eighth of the house of Valois, born in Blois in 1462, died Jan. 1, 1515. The son of Duke Charles of Orleans, and great-grandson of Charles V., he was left an orphan when...
- Louis XIII
- Louis XIII, king of France, the second of the house of Bourbon, born at Fontainebleau, Sept. 27, 1601, died at St. Germain-en-Laye, May 14, 1643. He was the eldest son of Henry IV. by Maria de' Medici...
- Louis XIV
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- Louis XV
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- Louis XVI
- Louis XVI, king of France, grandson and successor of the preceding, born in Versailles, Aug. 23, 1754, guillotined in Paris, Jan. 21, 1793. He was the third son of the dauphin Louis and of Maria Josep...
- Louis XVII
- Louis XVII, dauphin and titular king of France, son of the preceding, born in Versailles, March 27, 1785, died in the Temple at Paris, June 8, 1795. He was the third child of Louis and Marie Antoinett...
- Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier)
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- Louisa
- I. A Central County Of Virginia I. A Central County Of Virginia, bounded N. by the North Anna river, and drained by the South Anna and Little rivers; area, 570 sq. m.; pop. in 1870,16,332, of whom 10...
- Louisa Ouida (De La Rame)
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- Louisburg
- Louisburg, a ruined town of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, on the S. E. side of the island of Cape Breton, in lat. 45 54' N., lon. 59 52' W. Its present population consists of only a f...
- Louise Colet
- Louise Colet, a French poetess, born at Aix, Aug. 25, 1808, died in Nice in 1871. Her maiden name was Revoil, and she married in 1835 Hippolyte Colet of Nimes, a musical composer. Soon after her marri...
- Louisiana
- Louisiana, one of the gulf states of the American Union, and the fifth admitted under the federal constitution, situated between lat. 28 59' and 33 N., and Ion. 88 40' and 94 10' W...
- Louisville
- Louisville, the chief city of Kentucky, county seat of Jefferson co., situated at the falls of the Ohio, on the S. bank, about 400 m. above its mouth and 600 m. below its head at Pittsburgh, 150 m. be...
- Louvain
- Louvain (Flem. Lewcen; Ger. Lowen), a town of Belgium, in the province of Brabant, situated on the Dyle, 15 m. E. by N. of Brussels; pop. in 1869, 33,171. The streets are regular, but the houses are n...
- Louvre
- Louvre, a public building of Paris, situated in the central part of the city, near the right bank of the Seine. Before its partial destruction by the commune in 1871, it consisted of the old and the n...
- Lowell
- Lowell, a city and one of the shire towns of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, the third in the state in point of population, situated on the Merrimack river, at the mouth of the Concord river, 25 m. N. W...
- Lowell (2)
- Lowell, the name of a distinguished family of Massachusetts, descended from Percival Lowell, a merchant who emigrated from Bristol, England, in 1639, and settled in Newbury, where he died Jan. 8, 1665...
- Lowell Mason
- Lowell Mason, an American composer, born in Medfield, Mass., Jan. 8,1792, died in Orange, N. J., Aug. 11, 1872. From childhood he manifested great fondness for music, and at a very early age he began ...
- Lower Or Old (Span California
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- Lowndes
- I. A S. County Of Georgia I. A S. County Of Georgia, bordering on Florida, and watered by the With-lacoochee and its branches; area, about 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,321, of whom 4,045 were colored....
- Lowth
- I. William I. William, an English theologian, born in London in 1661, died at Buriton, Hampshire, in 1732. He graduated at Oxford in 1683, and became chaplain to Dr. Mew, bishop of Winchester, who in...
- Lubbock
- I. Sir John William I. Sir John William, an English astronomer, born in London, March 26, 1803, died in Kent, June 20, 18G5. He graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1825, devoted his life to s...
- Lubeck
- Lubeck, one of the three free cities of Germany, situated in lat. 53 51' N, lon. 10 41' E., on the Trave, 35 m. N. E. of Hamburg; area of the city and its territory, which is bounded by the ...
- Lucas
- I. A N. W. County Of Ohio I. A N. W. County Of Ohio, bordering on Michigan and Lake Erie, bounded partly on the S. by the Maumee river, and drained by the Ottawa river and Swan creek; area, 420 sq. m...
- Lucan
- Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), a Roman poet, born in Corduba (Cordova), Spain, about A. D. 39, died in 65. His father was of equestrian rank, a brother of the philosopher Seneca, and carried his son ...
- Lucania
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- Lucca
- I. A Province Of Central Italy I. A Province Of Central Italy, bounded N. by Massa e Carrara and Modena, E. by Florence, S. by Pisa, and W. by the Li-gurian sea; area, 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 280,3...
- Lucern (Medicago Sativa)
- A forage plant of the family leguminosce, and related to clover (trifolium) not only in its botanical characters but in its agricultural uses. The derivation of the word is obscure, but it is supposed...
- Lucerne
- Lucerne (Ger. Luzern), I. A central canton of Switzerland, bounded N. by Aargau, N. E. by Zug, E. by Schwytz, S. E. and S. by Unter-walden and Bern, and W. by Bern; area, 570 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 132...
- Lucian, A Greek Author (Lat. Lucianus Gr. Aovkiavos)
- A Greek Author Lucian (Lat. Lucianus Gr. Aovkiavos), born in Samosata, on the Euphrates, about A. D. 120, died in Egypt about 200. His parents being too poor to give him a learned education, he was ap...
- Lucifer
- Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, died about 370. In 354 he was sent by Liberius, bishop of Rome, as legate to the council of Milan, to uphold, in conjunction with Eusebius of Ver-celli, the cause of the C...
- Lucius Aelius Sejanus
- Lucius Aelius Sejanus, a Roman conspirator, born at Volsinii in Etruria, put to death A. D. 31. He was first attached to the interests of the infant Cams Caesar (Caligula), the son of Germanicus, but...
- Lucius Aurelius Commodfs Antoninus
- Lucius Aurelius Commodfs Antoninus, emperor of Rome, born at Lanuvium, A. D. 161, assassinated Dec. 31, 192. He was the son of Marcus Aurelius and the younger Faustina, daughter of Antoninus Pius. He ...
- Lucius Cornelias Cinna
- Lucius Cornelias Cinna, a Roman consul, killed at Brundusium in 84 B. C. He was the son of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, who was consul in 127. Although a patrician by birth, he belonged to the party of Mar...
- Lucius Liciuius Lucullus
- Lucius Liciuius Lucullus, a Roman general, born about 109 B. 0., died about 57. His first appearance in public life was as the accuser of the augur Servilius, who had procured the banishment of his fa...
- Lucius Mimmhs
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- Lucius Quintius Cincinnatis
- Lucius Quintius Cincinnatis, a Roman senator, born about 519 B. C, died after 439. He was a rich patrician, and was occupied with the cultivation of his estates at the time when Terentilus Arsa commen...
- Lucius Septimius Severus
- Lucius Septimius Severus, a Roman emperor, born of a family of equestrian rank near Leptis, Africa, April 11, A. D. 146, died in Eboracum (York), Britain, Feb. 4, 211. He studied law at Rome, became a...
- Lucknow
- Lucknow, a city of India, capital of the province and former kingdom of Oude, situated on the S. bank of the river Goomtee, which is here navigable at all seasons, about 580 m. N. W. of Calcutta, 250 ...
- Lucretius
- Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), a Roman philosophical poet, concerning whose personal history little is known. According to the Eusebian chronicle, which is almost the sole authority, he was born i...
- Ludvig Holberg
- Ludvig Holberg, baron, a Danish dramatist, born in Bergen, Norway, Nov. 6, 1684, died in Copenhagen, Jan. 28, 1754. When a boy he was placed under the care of the bishop of Munthe, his relative, who c...
- Ludwig August Dieskau
- Ludwig August Dieskau, a German soldier in the French service, born in Saxony in 1701, died near Paris, Sept. 8, 1767. He was adjutant of Marshal Saxe, in whose interest he visited St. Petersburg in 1...
- Ludwig Borne
- Ludwig Borne, a German author, of Jewish origin, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, May 18, 1786, died in Paris, Feb. 13, 1837. His father, Jakob Baruch, was a banker, and his grandfather was employed on ...
- Ludwig Hausser
- Ludwig Hausser, a German historian, born at Cleeburg, Alsace, Oct. 20, 1818, died in Heidelberg, March 17, 1867. He went in 1835 to Heidelberg to study philology; but through the influence of Schlosse...
- Ludwig Helnrich Von Jakob
- Ludwig Helnrich Von Jakob, a German author, born at Wettin, near Halle, Feb. 26,1759, died at Lauchstadt, July 22, 1827. In 1780 he was appointed teacher at the gymnasium in Halle, and in 1791 profess...
- Ludwig Leichhardt
- Ludwig Leichhardt, a German explorer, born at Trebatsch, Prussia, Oct. 23, 1813, died in Australia in 1848. He studied at Gottingen and Berlin, being aided by William Nicholson, a physician of Bristol...
- Ludwig Sigismnnd Jacoby
- Ludwig Sigismnnd Jacoby, an American clergyman, born in Alt Strelitz, Mecklenburg, Oct. 21, 1811. His parents were Jews, but he was baptized when 21 years old, and joined the Lutheran church. A few ye...
- Ludwig Spohr
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- Ludwik Mieroslawski
- Ludwik Mieroslawski, a Polish revolutionist, born at Nemours, France, in 1814. He is the son of a Polish officer in the French service, and was educated at the military school in Kalisz. lie joined th...
- Lueretia Coffin (Mott)
- Lueretia Coffin (Mott), an American minister of the society of Friends, born in Nantucket, Jan. 3, 1793. In 1804 her parents removed to Boston, where she went to school; subsequently she attended a bo...
- Lugo
- I. A 1st. W. Province Of Spain I. A 1st. W. Province Of Spain, in Galicia, bordering on the bay of Biscay and the provinces of Asturias, Leon, Orense, Pon-tevedra, and Corunna; area, 3,787 sq. m.; po...
- Luigi Cibrario
- Luigi Cibrario, an Italian statesman and historian, born in Turin, Feb. 23, 1802, died at Salo in the province of Brescia, Oct. 1, 1870. He took his degree as doctor of civil and canon law in 1824, an...
- Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli
- Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, count, an Italian naturalist, born in Bologna, July 10, 1658, died there, Nov. 1, 1780. He studied mathematics and natural history under Borelli and Malpighi, travelled in T...
- Luigi Lablache
- Luigi Lablache, an Italian singer, born in Naples, Dec. 6, 1794, died there, Jan. 23, 1858. He was the son of a French merchant, and studied vocal and instrumental music in one of the conservatories o...
- Luigi Lambruschini
- Luigi Lambruschini, an Italian prelate, born in Genoa, May 16, 1776, died in Rome, May 12, 1854. He entered in youth the order of Barnabites, and became successively bishop of Sabina, archbishop of Ge...
- Luigi Lanzi
- Luigi Lanzi, an Italian author, born at Monte dell' Almo, near Fermo, June 14, 1732, died in Florence, March 30, 1810. He was educated by his father and at the Jesuit college in Fermo. He entered the ...
- Luigi Palma Di Cesnola
- Luigi Palma Di Cesnola, count, an American soldier and archaeological explorer, born in Turin, Italy, July 29, 1832. In 1848, at the age of 15, he left the royal military academy at Turin, and enliste...
- Luini, Or Lovini, Bernardino
- Luini, Or Lovini, Bernardino, an Italian painter, born at Luino, on the Lago Maggiore, in the latter half of the 15th century, died subsequent to 1530. He is supposed to have been a scholar of Leonard...
- Luis De Gongora Y Argote
- Luis De Gongora Y Argote, a Spanish poet, born in Cordova, Jan. 11, 1561, died there, May 23, 1627. He was the son of a distinguished lawyer, and was educated at Salamanca for his father's profession,...
- Luis Molina
- Luis Molina, a Spanish theologian, born in Cuenca in 1535, died in Madrid, Oct. 12, 1600. He entered the society of Jesus in early life, completed his philosophical and theological studies at Ooimbra,...
- Luis Ponce De Leon
- Luis Ponce De Leon (usually called in Spanish Fray Luis de Leon), a Spanish lyric poet, born in Granada about 1527, died in Madrigal, Aug. 23,1591. He entered the Augustinian order at the age of 16, b...
- Luitprand, Or Liutprand
- Luitprand, Or Liutprand, king of Lombar-dy, born about 090, died in January, 744. He aided in the defeat of the usurper Aribert II. in 712 by his father Ansprand, and the latter dying after a reign of...
- Luke Wadding
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- Lully, Or Lulli, Jean Baptiste
- Lully, Or Lulli, Jean Baptiste, a French composer, born in Florence in 1633, died in Paris, March 22,1687. He was of obscure parentage, but having at the age of 10 attracted the attention of the cheva...
- Lump Fish, Or Lump Sucker
- Lump Fish, Or Lump Sucker, a name given to several spiny-rayed fishes of the family discoboli. The position of this family has been the subject of considerable difference of opinion among naturalists....
- Lumpkin
- I. Wilson I. Wilson, an American statesman, born in Pittsylvania co., Va., Jan. 14, 1783, died in Athens, Ga., in 1871. Early in 1784 his father removed to that part of Georgia now known as Oglethorp...
- Luna, Or Selene
- Luna, Or Selene, (Lat. And Gr the moon), a goddess worshipped by the Greeks and Romans. In Greek mythology she is said to be a daughter of Hyperion and Theia, and sister of Helios (the sun) and Eos (t...
- Lunacy
- Lunacy (from Lat. luna, the moon). A lunatic, says Blackstone, is one that hath had understanding, but by disease, grief, or other accident hath lost the use of his reason; he is indeed properly on...
- Lunar Cycle, Or Metonic Cycle
- Lunar Cycle, Or Metonic Cycle, a period of 19 solar years, containing 235 lunar months and 6,940 days. This astronomical period was adopted by the Greeks in 432 B. C, at the motion of Meton and Euctem...
- Lund
- Lund, a town of Sweden, in the laen of Malmo, on an extensive plain about 6 m. from the Sound, and 21 m. E. of Copenhagen; pop. in 1869, 10,526. There are several tanneries and woollen manufactories i...
- Lunenburg
- Lunenburg, a S. E. county of Virginia, bounded N. by the Nottoway and S. by the Meherrin river; area, 410 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,403, of whom 6,059 were colored. The surface is generally level and t...
- Lungs
- Lungs, in man, as well as in quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles, the principal organs of respiration. The lungs always consist of membranous sacs, contained in the interior of the body, into which the at...
- Lungwort
- Lungwort (pulmonaria officinalis), a perennial herb of the borage family, a native of Europe, and frequently found in old gardens. The creeping root stock throws up a large tuft of ovate-oblong leaves...
- Lupercalia
- Lupercalia, the ancient Roman festival of purification and expiation, celebrated annually on the 15th of February (a month called from Februa, another name for the festival), in honor of Lupercus (sur...
- Lupine
- Lupine, the common name of plants of the genus lupinus. There is some doubt as to the origin of the name, but most authors regard it as coming from lupus, a wolf, and as having reference to the voraci...
- Lusatia
- Lusatia (Ger. Lausitz), a region of Germany, which formerly constituted the two margravi-ates of Upper and Lower Lusatia, the former being the southern division. They were bounded N. by Brandenburg, E...
- Lusitania
- Lusitania, in ancient geography, the country of the Lusitani, and in a wider sense the name of one of the three provinces into which the Iberian peninsula was divided by Augustus. The Roman province o...
- Lustration
- Lustration (Lat, lustratio, also lustrum), purification by sacrifices or other ceremonies. Originally ablution in water was the only rite observed by the Greeks, but afterward sacrifices, etc, were ad...
- Lute, Or Luting
- Lute, Or Luting, (Lat. Lutum clay), a soft adhesive mixture used in chemical operations for making tight the joints of an apparatus. Its ingredients vary according to the kinds of vapors to be confine...
- Luther Lee
- Luther Lee, an American clergyman, born in Schoharie, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1800. He united with the Methodist Episcopal church in 1821, and soon began to preach. In 1827 he joined the Genesee conference, a...
- Luther V Bell
- Luther V Bell., M. D., LL. D., an American physician, son of Gov. Samuel Bell of New Hampshire, born at Chester, N. H., Dec. 20, 1806, died near Budd's Ferry, Md., Feb. 11, 1862. He entered Bowdoin co...
- Lutheran Church
- The Lutheran church has been known by various titles. Her own earliest preference was for the name Evangelical (1525), and many of her most devoted sons have insisted on giving her this name withou...
- Luxemburg
- Luxemburg (Fr. Luxembourg), a territory of Europe, now constituting the southernmost province of Belgium and a detached dependency of the Netherlands (but ranking as an independent grand duchy), bound...
- Luzerne
- Luzerne, a N. E. county of Pennsylvania, intersected by the north branch of the Susquehanna river, and also drained by the Lackawanna, Nescopeck, Huntingdon, and Wapwal-lopen creeks; area, 1,427 sq. m...
- Luzon, Or Lncon
- Luzon, Or Lncon, an island in the Pacific, belonging to Spain, the largest and most important of the Philippine archipelago, lying between lat. 12 30' and 18 46' N., and Ion. 119 50' an...
- Lycaonia
- Lycaonia, in ancient geography, a division of Asia Minor, bounded N. by Galatia, E. by Cappadocia, S. by Cilicia, S. W. by Isauria (which at certain periods was regarded as a part of it), and W. by Ph...
- Lychnis
- Lychnis (Gr. a light or lamp), a genus of old-world plants belonging to the pink family (caryophyllacece), and so called either on account of the flame color of some species, or because the cottony ...
- Lycia
- Lycia, an ancient country on the southern coast of Asia Minor, S. E. of Caria, and S. of Phrygia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia. The Solyma range borders its E. coast, and TV. of it are the Massicytus and Cr...
- Lycoming
- Lycoming, a N. county of Pennsylvania, drained by the west branch of the Susquehanna and its tributaries; area, 1,080 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 47,626. The surface is mountainous, a range of the Alleghani...
- Lycoperdon
- Lycoperdon, a genus of fungi, which in the accepted arrangement is placed in the gastero-mycetes, one of the six divisions into which this immense order is separated, and of which the common puff-ball...
- Lycopodium
- Lycopodium (Gr. a wolf, and a foot, a name of obscure application), the botanical name for a genus of cryptogamous plants popularly known as club mosses; this with a few other genera make up the f...
- Lycurgus
- Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator, concerning whose personal history, nothing certain is known, and many modern critics have doubted whether he ever really existed. According to Herodotus, he lived abo...
- Lydia
- Lydia, an ancient country of western Asia Minor, bounded N. by Mysia, E. by Phrygia, S. by Caria, and W. by the iEgean sea. The boundaries, however, varied at different times. According to Strabo, t...
- Lydia Marin Child
- Lydia Marin Child, an American authoress, born at Med ford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802. Her father, David Francis, was a baker. In 1824 she published her first book, Hobomok, an Indian Story, which was fo...
- Lygodium
- Lygodium (Gr. flexible), a genus of climbing ferns, with much divided leafy fronds, having stalked divisions in pairs, so that the frond appears like a slender stem bearing opposite, petioled leaves...
- Lyman Spalding
- Lyman Spalding, an American physician, born in Cornish, N. II., June 5, 1775, died in Portsmouth, N. H., Oct. 31, 1821. He graduated at Harvard college in 1797, assisted Prof. Nathan Smith in establis...
- Lymph
- Lymph (Lat. lympha, clear, pure water, from Gr. a water spirit), the nearly transparent and colorless fluid found in the lymphatic or absorbent vessels extensively distributed over the body, in near...
- Lynch Law
- Lynch Law, as commonly used in America, the practice of punishing men for alleged crimes and offences by private and unauthorized persons, without a trial according to due forms of law. The practice h...
- Lynchburg
- Lynchburg, a city of Campbell co., Virginia, on the S. bank of James river, and on the James River and Kanawha canal, at the junction of the Washington City, Virginia Midland, and Great Southern rail...
- Lynn
- Lynn, a city of Essex co., Massachusetts, bordering S. on Lynn harbor, an arm of Massachusetts bay, and S. E. on Nahant bay, separated from the harbor by the peninsula of Na-hant, which juts out in a ...
- Lynx
- Lynx, a carnivorous mammal, usually arranged with the cats, but differing from the genus felis in wanting the small upper premolar next the canine, the dentition being - incisors |, canines 1/1-1/1, a...
- Lyon
- Lyon, the name of five counties in the United States. I. A W. County Of Kentucky I. A W. County Of Kentucky, bounded S. W. by the Tennessee river, and intersected by the Cumberland; area, about 875 ...
- Lyons (2)
- Lyons (Fr. Lyon; anc. Lugdunum), the principal manufacturing city of France, and since 1834 one of its most powerful fortresses, capital of the department of Rh6ne, at the junction of the Saone and Rh...
- Lyon Playfair
- Lyon Playfair, an English chemist, born in Meerut, British India, in 1819. He was educated at St. Andrews, Scotland, studied chemistry under Thomas Graham in Glasgow and. London, and in Giessen under ...
- Lyre
- Lyre (Gr. ), one of the most ancient and famous of the family of stringed instruments, the origin of which is lost in antiquity. It was familiar to the Egyptians, and to the nations of western Asia,...
- Lyre Bird
- Lyre Bird, a large tenuirostral passerine bird, of the family certhidae or creepers, and subfamily menurinm or wrens, according to Gray; and of the family eriodoridae of Cabanis. Lyre Bird (Menura...
- Lysander
- Lysander, a Spartan soldier, killed in battle in 395 B. 0. There is no mention of him in history till 407 B. C, when he succeeded Cra-tesippidas as navarch or commander of the Spartan fleet in the AEg...
- Lysias
- Lysias, an Athenian orator, born in Athens in 458 B. 0., died there in 378. In 443 he emigrated with an Athenian colony to Thurii in Italy, and there completed his education. After the destruction of ...
- Lysimachia
- Lysimachia (Gr. ' release from, and strife, or in honor of King Lysimachus), a genus of plants of the natural order prima-lacece. They are herbaceous, perennial, and have entire leaves and axill...
- Lysimachus
- Lysimachus, a Greek general, king of Thrace, born in Pella, Macedonia, about 360 B. 0., slain in battle in 281. He was the son of Aga-thocles, a Thessalian, and was early distinguished for valor, acti...
- Lysippus
- Lysippus, a Greek sculptor, of Sicyon in the Peloponnesus, flourished in the latter part of the 4th century B. C. He was originally a workman in bronze. Alexander the Great ordered that no one should ...
- Lythrum
- Lythrum (Gr. gore, from the color of. the flowers in some species), a genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the natural order lythracece, generally with opposite, entire leaves, no stipules, axill...
- M. D Craik James
- M. D Craik James, the family physician of Washington, born in Scotland in 1731, died in Fairfax co., Va., Feb. 6, 1814. He was educated for the medical service of the British army, emigrated to Virgin...
- M. D., LL. D Dana Samuel Luther
- M. D., LL. D Dana Samuel Luther, an American chemist, born at Amherst, N. H., July 11, 1795, died in Lowell, Mass., March 11, 1868. He graduated at Harvard college in 1813, during the war with Great B...
- Macao
- Macao, a Portuguese dependency and city on the coast of China, at the mouth of the Canton river, in lat. 22 10' 30 N, Ion. 113 32' E.; area, 12 sq. m.; pop. about 100,000, of whom 90,000 ar...
- Macaque
- Macaque, a name given to several quadru-manous animals intermediate between the long-tailed monkeys and the baboons, constituting the genus macacns (Lacep.), characterized by a facial angle of 40...
- Macaroni
- Macaroni (Ital. maccheroni), a peculiar paste or dough prepared from wheat flour and manufactured into tubes, ribbons, or threads. It is an Italian invention, and, though made by a simple process, has...
- Macassar, Or Mangkassar
- Macassar, Or Mangkassar, (Also Called by the Dutch Vlaardingen). I. A Dutch Government I. A Dutch Government, comprising the S. W. portions of the island of Celebes, in the Malay archipelago; area (...
- Macaw
- Macaw, the common name of the large and gorgeous South American parrots of the subfamily araince, characterized by a large stout bill, compressed on the sides, with the culmen much arched to the prol...
- Macdiarmid
- I. John I. John, a Scottish author, born at Weem, Perthshire, in 1779, died in London, April 7, 1808. He was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, and in 1801 established himself...
- Macdonald
- Macdonald, , Flora, a Scottish heroine, born in the isle of South Uist, one of the Hebrides, in 1720, died March 4, 1790. She was the daughter of Macdonald of Milton, who belonged to the Macdonalds of...
- Macedonia, Or Macedon
- Macedonia, Or Macedon (the latter name being used, exclusively by English writers, to designate the state or empire, the former designating the land or province), an ancient country of S. E. Europe, N...
- Macerata
- I. An E. Province Of Italy I. An E. Province Of Italy, bordering on Ancona, Umbria, Ascoli Piceno, and the Adriatic; area, 1,057 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 236,994. The two former papal delegations of Mac...
- Machias
- Machias, the shire town and a port of entry of Washington co., Maine, on the Machias river, near its mouth, 120 m. E. by N. of Augusta, and 35 m. S. by W. of Calais; pop. in 1870, 2,525. It is connect...
- Mackenzie River
- Mackenzie River, a river of British North America, in the Northwest territories of Canada, which has its head in Great Slave lake, and, after a N. course of about 1,200 m., empties through several mou...
- Mackerel
- Mackerel, a well known acanthopterygian fish of the scomberoid family, and one of great utility to man, from its countless numbers and excellence as food. This family includes also the bonito and its ...
- Mackinaw
- Mackinaw, an E. county of the upper peninsula of Michigan, bordering on Lake Michigan and the straits of Mackinaw; area, about 1,250 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 1,716. The surface is uneven and is well wood...
- Macon
- Macon, the name of six counties in the United States. I. A S. W. County Of North Carolina I. A S. W. County Of North Carolina, bordering on Georgia, and watered by the head streams of the Tennessee ...
- Macon (2)
- Macon, a city and the capital of Bibb co., Georgia, situated on both sides of the Ocmul-gee river, here crossed by a bridge, at the head of steamboat navigation, 80 m. S. E. of Atlanta, and 160 m. W. ...
- Macrauchenia
- Macrauchenia (Owen), a genus of fossil herbivorous animals, forming one of the connecting links between the palaeotherium and other extinct pachyderms of the Paris basin and the camel family, especial...
- Madagascar
- Madagascar, the largest and most important of the African islands, situated in the Indian ocean, between lat. 11 57' and 25 42's., and lon. 43 10' and 50 25' E., separated from Afr...
- Madame Celeste
- Madame Celeste, an English dancer and actress, born in Paris, Aug. 10, 1814. Though of French parentage, and a pupil of the conservatory of the then royal academy of music, she has been connected from...
- Madder
- Madder, a plant (rubia tinctorum), the roots of which are employed as a red dye. It was known and used by the ancients, and a correct description of the plant is given by Dioscorides under the name of...
- Madeira (Port. Wood)
- A Portuguese island in the Atlantic ocean, lying between lat. 32 37' and 32 52' N., and Ion. 16 38' and 17 16' W.; greatest length from E. to W. 34 m., greatest breadth from N. to ...
- Madeira, Or Madera
- Madeira, Or Madera, (Port and Span., wood), a river of South America, the largest of the affluents of the Amazon, formed by the united waters of the Beni and the Mamore or Grande, which drain almost t...
- Madison
- Madison, the name of 19 counties in the United States. I. A Central County Of New York; Area I. A Central County Of New York; Area, 670 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 43,522. Oneida lake is on the N. border,...
- Madison (2)
- Madison, a city of Wisconsin, capital of the state and of Dane co., situated in lat. 43 4' N., lon. 89 23' W., 75 m. W. of Milwaukee; pop. in 1850, 1,525; in 1860, 6,611; in 1870, 9,176, of ...
- Madras
- I. A Province Of British India I. A Province Of British India, commonly known as a presidency, comprising the southern part of the peninsula of Hindo-stan, bounded N. W. by the Bombay territories, N....
- Madrazo
- I. Jose Madrazo Y Aguda I. Jose Madrazo Y Aguda, a Spanish painter, born in Santander, April 22, 1781, died in Madrid, May 8, 1859. He studied at the academy of Madrid, in Paris under David, and in R...
- Madrid
- I. A Central Province Of Spain I. A Central Province Of Spain, in New Castile, bordering on Segovia, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Toledo, and Avila; area, 2,997 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 487,482. The general asp...
- Madrigal
- Madrigal, in music, a vocal composition in from three to eight parts, set commonly to words of an amatory or pastoral character, and intended to be sung by several voices on a part and without instrum...
- Madura
- Madura, an island of the Indian archipelago, in the Sunda group, N. E. of Java, from which it is separated by a strait from 1 to 2 m. wide; area, about 1,300 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 662,720. A chain of ...
- Maelstrom
- Maelstrom (Norw. malestrom, grinding or whirling stream), an ocean current or whirlpool off the coast of Norway S. W. of the Loffoden islands, in lat. 67 48' N. and lon. 12 E. It runs betwee...
- Maestricht
- Maestricht (Dutch, Maastricht), a city of the Netherlands, capital of the province of Limburg, on the Maas, 18 m. W. N. W. of Aix-la-Chapelle; pop. in 1870, 28,840, mostly Roman Catholics. The river, ...
- Magalhaens
- Magalhaens (Port. Magalhaes), Domingos Jose Goncalves de, a Brazilian poet, born in Rio de Janeiro about 1810. After taking his doctor's degree he went to Europe, and was in 1836 attache of the Brazil...
- Magalhaens, Or Magellan, Fernando
- Magalhaens, Or Magellan, Fernando, a Portuguese navigator, believed to have been born in Oporto about 1470, killed at Mactan, one of the Philippine islands, April 27, 1521. Entering the Portuguese nav...
- Magdalen Islands
- Magdalen Islands (Fr. Isles de la Madeleine), a group in the gulf of St. Lawrence, belonging to Gaspe co., Quebec, Canada; aggregate area, 86 1/2 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 3,172, of whom 2,833 were of Fre...
- Magdalena
- Magdalena, a maritime state of Colombia, bounded N. by the Caribbean sea, E. by Venezuela, S. by the state of Santander, and W. by Bolivar; area, 26,950 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 85,-255. The face of the ...
- Magdeburg
- Magdeburg, a fortified city of Prussia, capital of the province of Saxony, on the left bank of the Elbe, 76 m. S. W. of Berlin; pop. in 1871, including Sudenburg, 84,401; with Neu-stadt-Magdeburg (20,...
- Magenta
- Magenta, a town of Lombard v, Italy, about 5 m. from the E. (left) bank of the Ticino and 15 m. W. of Milan, with which city it communicates by railway and canal; pop. about 5,000. It is the first sta...
- Magic
- Magic, as explained by its adepts, the traditional science of the secrets of nature, embracing all knowledge and constituting the perfection of philosophy; also the art of exercising preterhuman power...
- Magic Lantern
- Magic Lantern, an optical instrument in tended for exhibiting, by means of lenses, magnified images of pictures painted in variously colored transparent gums, on glass slides. It is constructed upon t...
- Magna Charta
- Magna Charta, the Great Charter, or the Charter of Liberties, as it is commonly called by English writers, a constitutional instrument executed by King John of England, guaranteeing to the people i...
- Magnesia
- I. The Most Easterly Division Of Ancient Thessaly, Greece Greece I. The Most Easterly Division Of Ancient Thessaly, a narrow and mountainous strip of land, containing among others Mts. Ossa and Pelio...
- Magnesium
- Magnesium, the metallic base of magnesia; symbol, Mg.; chemical equivalent, 12; specific gravity, 1.74; hardness, that of calcareous spar. Davy proved its existence; but Bussy in 1830 first obtained i...
- Magnetism
- Magnetism, the name given to the phenom-ena displayed by magnets. If a bar of slightly tempered steel be held vertically and struck several blows with a wooden mallet, it will acquire the property of ...
- Magneto-Electricity
- As shown in the article Electro-Magnetism, great magnetic power is developed by passing a current of galvanism around a bar of soft iron; and since in all cases a mechanical action is accompanied by a...
- Magnisson, Or Magnnsen, Finn
- Magnisson, Or Magnnsen, Finn, an Icelandic scholar, born in Skalholt, Aug. 27, 1781, died in Copenhagen, Dec. 24,1847. He studied at the university of Copenhagen, returned to Iceland in 1803, and prac...
- Magnolia
- Magnolia, a genus of trees and shrubs dedicated by Linnaeus to Pierre Magnol, professor of botany at Montpellier, France, at the close of the 17th century, and who was the first to apply the term fam...
- Magnus Amelias Cassiodoris
- Magnus Amelias Cassiodoris, an Italian statesman, author, and ascetic, born at Scyla-cium about 408, died about 560. He was of an ancient and wealthy Roman family. In his youth he distinguished himsel...
- Magnus Jacob Crusenstolpe
- Magnus Jacob Crusenstolpe, a Swedish author, born at Jonkoping March 11, 1795, died in January, 1865. He was appointed assessor of the superior court of Stockholm in 1825, and became generally known i...
- Magpie
- Magpie, a conirostral bird of the crow family, and the genus pica (Briss.). The bill is long find strong, about as high;is broad at the base, with compressed sides, hooked tip, and covered with bristl...
- Mahan
- I. Dennis Hart Dennis Hart, an American military engineer, born in New York, April 2, 1802, drowned in the Hudson river, near Stony Point, Sept. 16, 1871. He graduated at West Point in 1824, was appo...
- Mahmoud I
- Mahmoud I, sultan of Turkey, a son of Mustapha II., born in Constantinople Aug 6 1696,died Dec.13 1754. He was raised to the Ottoman throne in1730, after the deposi-tion of his uncle Ahmed III. The ja...
- Mahmoud II
- Mahmoud II, sultan of Turkey, the younger son of Abdul Hamed, born in Constantinople, July 20, 1785, died there, July 1, 1839. During his youth, passed in the seraglio, he became familiar with Persian...
- Mahogany (Swietenia Mahagoni)
- Mahogany (Swietenia Mahagoni), a tree of the natural order meliacew, a native of South America, Honduras, and the West India islands, and among the most valuable of tropical timber trees. The genus is...
- Mahrattas
- Mahrattas (Maha-rashtra, great people), a people inhabiting the region in central and western India bounded N. by the Satpoora mountains, E. by the Wyne-Ganga and Manjera rivers, S. by the Kistnah and...
- Maine
- Maine, one of the New England states, the most easterly of the American Union, and the tenth admitted under the constitution, between lat. 42 57' and 47 32' N., and Ion. 66 52' and 71&d...
- Maipures, Or May Pares, Indians Of South America
- Maipures, Or May Pares, Indians Of South America, chiefly on the upper Orinoco and Negro rivers. The family includes the Oaveres or Cabres, who were nearly annihilated by the Ca-rilis; the Guaypunabis...
- Maistre
- I. Joseph Joseph, count de, an Italian statesman, born in Chambery, Savov, April 1, 1754, died in Turin, Feb. 26, 1821. His father was president of the senate of Savoy. After having studied at the un...
- Majesty
- Majesty, a title of the highest honor, first used by the Romans to designate the supreme power and dignity of the people (majestas po-puli Romani), as well as of its highest chosen representatives or ...
- Majorca (Span. Mallorea)
- Majorca (Span. Mallorea), the largest of the Balearic islands, in the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain, about 120 m. S. S. E. of Barcelona, between lat. 39 15' and 40 N., and Ion. 2 20' and...
- Majydamis
- Majydami's, the name of a remedial writ, belonging to a once extensive class of precepts which bore the generic name of mandamus. They derived their name from the significant word of the mandatory cla...
- Malabar
- Malabar, a district of British India, in the province of Madras, on the W. doast, between lat. 10 and 12 20' N.; area, 6,262 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 2,274,463, of whom about 24,000 were Christ...
- Malacca
- I. A British Territory A British Territory, one of the Straits Settlements, on the W. side of the Malay peninsula, between hit. 2 and 2 30' N extending 42 m. along the coast, and varying in...
- Malachi
- Malachi, the last of the minor prophets. The name may be defined either my messenger or messenger of Jehovah. 'Nothing is known of his person or history, and many interpreters, as Umbreit, Hengste...
- Malacology
- Malacology ((Jr. , soft, and , discourse), that department of zoology which treats of the mollusca, some of which were termed even by Aristotle malakia (soft animal-), including the examina...
- Malaga
- I. A S. Province Of Spain A S. Province Of Spain, in An-dalusia, bordering on Cadiz, Seville, Cordova, Granada, and the Mediterranean; area, 2,822 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 505,010. The surface is irregu...
- Malan
- I. Cesar Henri Abraham Cesar Henri Abraham, a Swiss theologian, born in Geneva, July 8, 1787, died there, May 8, 1864. His ancestors, who were noble and Protestant, tied on account of persecution fro...
- Malatesta
- Malatesta, a family of Italy, many of whose members were rulers of Rimini and other cities of the Romagna, and which became affiliated with the house of Montefeltro and with the dukes of Urbino. The f...
- Malay Peninsula
- Malay Peninsula, the name given by geographers to the long and narrow tract which projects southward from Indo-China, and forms the southern extremity of the Asiatic continent, bounded E. by the China...
- Malayo-Polynesian Races Ajvd Languages
- The alayo-Polynesians are the light-complex- ioned, olive-colored, and straight-haired inhabitants of the islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans, from the Andamans in the bay of Bengal in the west t...
- Malcolm Laing
- Malcolm Laing, a Scottish historian, born on the island of Mainland, Orkneys, in 1762, died there in November, 1818. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, studied law, and was called to the ...
- Maldives, Or Malediva Islands
- Maldives, Or Malediva Islands, a chain of small coral islands in the Indian ocean, about 450 m. W. of Cevlon, extending in a straight line from lat. 76'N. to 0 40'S., between Ion. 72 48' and 733 ...
- Male Fern (Aspidium Filix-Mas)
- Theo-phrastus and other ancient writers mention two kinds of fern, the male and female; whether or not this was the fern referred to as the male, it retains the name in common as well as in botanical ...
- Malignant Pustule
- Malignant Pustule, a specific disease, essentially septic and gangrenous, confined to the cutaneous tissue, and generally to those parts of the surface that are habituallv uncovered. It appears most c...
- Malintzin, Or Mallnche Marina
- Malintzin, Or Mallnche Marina, an Indian woman who rendered efficient aid in the conquest of Mexico. She was a native of the province of Guazacoalcos, and of noble blood, though sold as a slave in her...
- Mallow
- Mallow, a common name for plants of the genus malca (from (Jr. , to soften, in allusion to their softening and emollient properties). The genus, as at present restricted, includes about 16 species, ...
- Malmesbiry
- I. James Harris James Harris, first earl of, an Endish diplomatist, born in Salisbury, April 21, 1746, died in London, Nov. 20, 1820. He was the eldest son of James Harris, secretary and comptroller ...
- Malmo (Swedish Malmohus)
- I. A Ian Or Province Of Sweden A Ian Or Province Of Sweden, bordering on Christ ian-stad the Baltic, and the Sound; ana. ].' sq m pop. in 1873, 322,175. It is one of the most fertile portions of Swed...
- Malplaquet
- Malplaquet, a village of France, in the department of Le Nord, 10 m. S. by AV. of the Belgian town of Mons, celebrated for a battle between the allied forces under Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and t...
- Malta (Anc. Melita)
- Malta (Anc. Melita), a British possession in the Mediterranean, including the islands of Malta, Gozo, and Oomino, and the uninhabited islets of Cominotto and Fihia, the entiro group lying between lat....
- Malte-Brun
- I. A Danish Geographer A Danish Geographer, whose actual name was Malthe Conrad Brunn, born at Thisted in Jutland, Aug. 12, 1775, died in Paris, Dec. 14, 1826. He studied in Copenhagen, devoting hims...
- Maltha
- Maltha (Gr. , soft wax; also denoting a mixture of wax and pitch, used for the surface of writing tablets, and for some kinds of cement). Pliny describes under this name an inflammable mud flowing f...
- Malwa
- Malwa, an old province of central India, comprising a table land from 1,500 to 2,500 ft. above the level of the sea, bounded N. E. by the valley of the Ganges, E. by Bundelcund, S. by the Vindhya, and...
- Mamelikks (Arabic Memalik A Slave)
- Mamelikks (Arabic Memalik A Slave), a body of soldiery who ruled Egypt for several centuries. They were introduced into that country by the sultan Malek el-Add 11. about the middle of the 13th century...
- Mammalia
- Mammalia, the highest vertebrated animals, including man, warm-blooded, breathing by lungs separated from the abdominal cavity by a diaphragm, generally covered with hair, and bringing forth their you...
- Mammary Glands
- Mammary Glands, the organs which secrete the nutritive fluid, milk, by which the young of man and the mammalia are nourished during the early periods of life. They vary from two in the human female to...
- Mammee Apple (Mammca Americana)
- Mammee Apple (Mammca Americana), a handsome tree of 60 ft. in height, native of the Caribbean islands and the neighboring continent. It has large, oval or obovate. shining, leatherv, opposite leaves, ...
- Mammoth
- Mammoth, the fossil elephant of Siberia (elephas primigenius, Blumenbach), found in the diluvial strata of Europe and Asia, and perhaps also in North America. Large fossil bones were alluded to by The...
- Mammoth Cave
- Mammoth Cave, the largest cavern known, situated in Edmondson co., near Green river, in Kentuckv, about 75 m. 8. S. W. of Louisville. Its mouth is reached by passing down a wild rocky ravine through a...
- Mamtius (Manuzio)
- I. Aldus Aldus, called the Elder, the first of a well known family of Italian printers, born at Bassiano about 1449, died in Venice, Feb. 3, 1515. He was deeply versed in classical literature, and ab...
- Man In The Iron Mask
- Man In The Iron Mask, a state prisoner of France in the reign of Louis XIV., who died in the Bastile, Nov. 19, 1703. Some critics have denied the existence of such a person, but late investigations ha...
- Man Isle Of (Manx Mannin, Orelian Van-Nin; Lat. Monapia)
- Man Isle Of (Manx Mannin, Orelian Van-Nin; Lat. Monapia) , an island belonging to Great Britain, in the Irish sea, about midway between England, Scotland, and Ireland, its centre Iving in lat. 54...
- Managua
- Managua, a city and the capital of Nicaragua, and of the department of Granada, situated on the S. shore of the lake of the same name, 220 ft. above the level of the Pacific, in lat. 12 7' N., Io...
- Manakin
- Manakin, the name applied to the denti-rostral birds of the family ampelidae or chatterers and subfamily piprinm; they are generally small and of brilliant colors, and with one exception inhabitants o...
- Manasseh
- I. The Elder Son Of Joseph The Elder Son Of Joseph, son of Jacob, adopted by the latter on his deathbed to become the head of one of the tribes of Israel, yet made inferior to his younger brother Eph...
- Manchester
- Manchester, one of the shire towns of Hillsborough co., New Hampshire, and the largest city in the state, situated on both banks (but chiefly on the E.) of the Merrimack river, 18 m. S. by E. of Conco...
- Manchester (Anc. Mancunian)
- Manchester (Anc. Mancunian), the most important manufacturing city in Great Britain, situated in the 8. E. corner of Lancashire, on both sides of the river Irwell, 162 in. N. N. W. of London, and 31 i...
- Manchineel (Hippomane Mancinella)
- Manchineel (Hippomane Mancinella), a poisonous evergreen tree growing wild in the West India islands, along the shores of the Caribbean sea, and in southern Florida. It is of the natural order euphorb...
- Mancini
- Mancini, a Roman family, founded in the 14th century by Pietro Omni-Santi, surnaroed Mancini dei Luci. Among his descendants was Michele Lorenzo Mancini. a brother of Cardinal Francesco Maria Mancini,...
- Manco Capac
- I. The mythical ancestor of the incas of Peru. (See Peru, and Quichuas). II. Inca Of Peru Inca Of Peru, killed in 1544. He was the second son of the inca Huayna Capac, the conqueror of Quito, who di...
- Mandalay, Or Pattawapura Mandelay
- Mandalay, Or Pattawapura Mandelay, the present capital of the kingdon of Burmah, a little N. of the former capital Amarapura, 3 m. from the Irrawaddy river, and 350 m. N. of Rangoon; pop. about 90,000...
- Mandans
- Mandans, an Indian tribe of the Dakota family, dwelling on the Upper Missouri. According to their traditions, they came from under the earth, where they lived near a subterranean lake. They ascended b...
- Mandate
- Mandate, a law term derived from the Roman civil law. It may be defined as a bailment (delivery) of a chattel or chattels to a person who is to do something with or about the things bailed, entirely w...
- Mandingo
- Mandingo, a country in W. Africa, bounded N. by Kaarta, E. by Bambarra, S. by the Kong mountains, and W. by Senegambia, lying between lat. 8 and 15 K, and Ion. 8 and 12 W. Much of ...
- Mandrake (Mandragora Officinarum)
- Mandrake (Mandragora Officinarum), a stemless plant, with lanceolate leaves, concealing beneath them several pale violet-colored flowers, and having a large, forked, fleshy, perennial root. It grows s...
- Manetho
- Man'Etho, an Egyptian historian, who nourished in the reign of Ptolemy Soter, at the beginning of the 3d century B. C. He was a priest of Sebennytus in Lower Egypt, ami wrote in Greek a work on the re...
- Manfred
- Manfred, prince of Tarentum, king of the Two Sicilies, natural son of the emperor Frederick II. and of Blanca, a daughter of Count Lanzia of Lombardy, born in Sicily about 1233, fell in the battle of ...
- Manganese
- Manganese, a metal having the symbol Mn and the combining weight 55, long known in the mineral pyrolusite, used to neutralize the green color of glass. The ores containing it were variously styled fem...
- Mango
- Mango, the native name of an East Indian fruit, of species of mangifera, of which 14 are known; some of them have been cultivated and become completely naturalized in the West Indies and other tropica...
- Mango Parr
- Mango Parr, a Scottish traveller, born at Fowlshiels, Selkirkshire, Sept. 10, 1771, killed in Africa probably in the early part of 1806. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a surgeon in Selkirk. He...
- Mangosteen (Malay Mangostana; Garcinia Mangostana)
- Mangosteen (Malay Mangostana; Garcinia Mangostana), a tree growing with an upright stem to the height of 20 ft., and bearing a very beautiful and eatable berry, esteemed the most delicious of East Ind...
- Mangrove
- Mangrove, a common name for three or four tropical plants, but mainly applied to species of rhizophora (Gr. , a root, and , to bear), a genus so called on account of the aerial roots borne by the...
- Manichaeans
- Manichaeans, a religious sect of the East, founded about the middle of the 3d century. Its origin is involved in obscurity, oriental and occidental writers differing much in their accounts of it. Acco...
- Manila
- Manila, a city capital of the island of Luzon, and of the whole Philippine archipelago, near the mouth of the Rio Pasig, which empties into the bay of Manila; lat. 14 36' ST., Ion. 121 E.; p...
- Manila, Or Manila Hemp
- Manila, Or Manila Hemp, the fibre of musa textilis, a native of the Phillipine islands, and of the same genus with the banana and plantain. The tree, known in the islands by the native name of abaca, ...
- Manimission
- Manimission, in Roman antiquity, the form by which slaves, or other persons not sui juris, were released from their condition. There were three modes of effecting a legal release, by vindicta, census,...
- Manissa, Or Manisa
- Manissa, Or Manisa (anc. Magnesia and Sipy-lum), a city of Asia Minor, in the vilayet of Aidin, on the S. bank of the Hermus, and on the N. slope of Mt. Sipylus, about 20 m. N. E. of the city of Smyrn...
- Manitoba
- Manitoba, a province of the Dominion of Canada, situated between bit. 49 and 50 30' N, and Ion. 96 and 99 W. It is bounded S. by Minnesota and Dakota, and on all other sides by the...
- Manitou
- Manitou, among some tribes of the American Indians, the name of any object of worship. TheIllinois, wrote the Jesuit Marest, adore a sort of genius, which they call mani-tou; to them it is the mast...
- Manitoulin Islands
- Manitoulin Islands, a group stretching E. and W. along the N. shore of Lake Huron from Georgian bay to the N. peninsula of Michigan, the principal of which are Great Manitoulin or Sacred island, Littl...
- Manitowoc
- Manitowoc, an E. county of Wisconsin, bordering on Lake Michigan, and drained by the Manitowoc, E. and W. Twin, and Sheboygan rivers; area, 612 sq. m.; pop, in 1870, 33,364. The soil is fertile and he...
- Manius Or Marcus (Curius Dentatus)
- Manius Or Marcus (Curius Dentatus), a Roman consul, flourished in the first half of the 3d century B. 0. In 290 he became consul and defeated the Samnites; in 275, during his second consulship, he van...
- Manlii
- Manlii, one of the most, celebrated patrician gentes of ancient Rome, members of which held high offices in the state for about five centuries. The first of them who attained to the consulship was Cne...
- Manna
- Manna, the concrete juice of several species offrarinus, or ash. Several of the ashes have tlowers producing distinct petals, a character which some botanists consider a sufficient reason for placing ...
- Mannheim, Or Manheim
- Mannheim, Or Manheim, a town of the grand duchy of Baden, capital of the circle of the Lower Rhine, situated on the right bank of the Rhine, at the confluence of the Neckar with that river, 43 m. S. S...
- Mannite, Or Mannitose
- Mannite, Or Mannitose, also called sugar of manna and sugar of mushrooms (C6H14O6), one of the glucoses, which was discovered by Proust, and its composition determined by Lie-big. It exists in a great...
- Manoel De Silveyra Pinto De Fonseca Chaves
- Manoel De Silveyra Pinto De Fonseca Chaves, marquis of, and count of Amarante, a Portuguese general and statesman, born at Villa Real, died in Lisbon, March 7, 1830. He was opposed to the Portuguese l...
- Manolio Malpighi
- Manolio Malpighi, an Italian anatomist, born near Bologna in 1628, died in Pome, Nov. 29. 1694. In 1056 he was appointed by Ferdinand II. of Tuscany professor of medicine at Pisa. where he made the ac...
- Manometer
- Manometer (Gr. , rare, and ,measure - measurer of rarity), an instrument employed to measure the pressure exerted by a confined portion of gas or vapor. The force is usually expressed in units of ...
- Manresa
- Manresa, a town of Spain, in the province and 30 m. N. N. W. of the city of Barcelona, near the left bank of the Llobregat river; pop. about 15,000. It is one of the most picturesque towns in Cataloni...
- Mansart, Or Mansard
- I. Francois Francois, a French architect, born in Paris in 1598, died there in 1666. At the age of 22 he distinguished himself by the rot oration of the hotel Toulon. In 1624 he attracted the attenti...
- Mansfeld
- Mansfeld, an ancient noble family of Germany, taking its name from the 'castle of Mansfeld, the original seat of the family, and now in the town and circle of Mansfeld in Prussian Saxony. I. Peter Er...
- Mansfield
- Mansfield, a town of Tolland co., Connecticut, on the New London Northern railroad, 25 m. E. of Hartford; pop. in 1870, 2,401. It is bounded W. by the Willimantic river, and is intersected by the Natc...
- Manslaughter
- In the article Homicide, it is said that felonious homicide is either manslaughter or murder. These two are distinguished from each other by the intent winch causes or accompanies the act. If a homici...
- Mantchooria, Or Mantcharia
- Mantchooria, Or Mantcharia, the land of the Mantchoos, a country of Asia, a dependency of the Chinese empire, bounded N. by the Amoor river, which separates it from the Russian province of the Amoor, ...
- Manteuffel
- I. Otto Theodor Otto Theodor, baron, a Prussian statesman, born at Lubben, Feb.3. 1805. He entered the civil service at an early age. In 1844 he was made a member of the council of state, and in 1847...
- Mantis
- Mantis (Fabr.; Gr. , a soothsayer), a genus of orthopterous insects of the group of graspers (raptoria). In the best known species, M. religiosa (Linn.), the head is triangular, the eyes large, the ...
- Mantinea
- Mantinea, one of the oldest and most powerful towns of Arcadia, on the borders of Ar-golis and the river Ophis. Its democratic political constitution was, according to Polybius, one of the best in ant...
- Mantua (Ital. Mantova)
- I. A N. Province Of Italy A N. Province Of Italy, formerly included in Lombardy, but lately attached to Venetia, bordering on Brescia, Verona, Rovigo, Modena, Reggio, Parma, and Cremona; area, 855 sq...
- Manuel
- Manuel, the name of two Byzantine emperors. I. Manuel I. Comneiins Manuel I. Comneiins, born about 1120, died Sept. 24, 1180. The valor which he had displayed against the Turks induced his father Jo...
- Manuel Dc Godoy
- Manuel Dc Godoy, a Spanish statesman, born in Badajoz, May 12, 1767, died in Paris in October, 1851. Descended from an old and noble family, yet poor, he went to Madrid at the age of 17 to seek his fo...
- Manuel Jose Quintana
- Manuel Jose Quintana, a Spanish poet, born in Madrid, April 11, 1772, died there, March 11, 1857. He was educated at Salamanca and practised law for a time at Madrid; but he soon turned his attention ...
- Manufactory Of The Gobelins
- Manufactory Of The Gobelins, an establishment in Paris belonging to the French government, devoted to the production of tapestry and carpets. It is situated in the faubourg St. Marcel, upon the Bievre...
- Manufacture Of Cards
- Playing and address cards are prepared from cardboards, made by pasting a sheet of cartridge paper between two sheets of white or colored paper; or for ornamented backs, sheets may be printed with the...
- Manufactures Of Wool
- At the time of the Macedonian conquest the natives of India wove shawls of great beauty. The Greeks also learned many processes of woollen manufacture from the Egyptians; and the Romans and also the p...
- Manuscript
- Manuscript (Lat. manu scriptum, written with the hand), in bibliography, a written book or document, in distinction from a printed one. (For the various materials that have been used for this purpose,...
- Map (Lat. Mappa)
- Map (Lat. Mappa), a representation of a portion of the earth's surface, or of the celestial sphere, upon a plane. Its object is to present to the eye the bearings of objects upon the surface from each...
- Mapes, Or Map, Walter
- Mapes, Or Map, Walter, an English Latin poet, born about the middle of the 12th century, probably in Herefordshire, died about 1210. He studied in Paris, and after his return became a great favorite o...
- Mapimi
- Mapimi, a desert in N. Mexico, extending from the great bend of the Rio Grande, in hit. 30, southward to the vicinity of Parras, in lat. 25 30', and averaging 2£ degrees in width. It embrace...
- Maple
- Maple, the common name of trees of the genus acer (Celtic ac, hard), belonging to the natural order sapindacece, of which with two other genera it forms the suborder acerinecr. There are about 50 spec...
- Mars
- Mars (a contraction of Havers or Mavors), the Roman god of war, whose name in the Sabine and Oscan tongues was Mamers, and who was early identified with the Greek Ares. Before this identification he s...
- Mars (2)
- Mars, the fourth planet in order of distance from the sun, and the nearest to us of the superior planets, that is, of the planets whose orbits lie outside that of the earth. Mars travels around the su...
- Marabou
- Marabou, the popular name of several large birds of the stork family, of the genus leptop-tilus (Lesson), natives of Asia and Africa, whose delicate vent feathers were formerly highly esteemed as orna...
- Maracaybo, Or Maracaibo
- I. A City Of Venezuela A City Of Venezuela, capital of the state of Zulia (formerly Maracaybo), situated on the W. shore of a channel connecting the lake and gulf of the same name, about 25 m. from t...
- Marajo, Or Joannes
- Marajo, Or Joannes, an island of Brazil, in the mouth of the Amazon, which it divides into two unequal branches; length about 180 in., greatest breadth about 150 m.; pop. about 20,000, almost exclusiv...
- Maranhao, Or Maranham
- I. A 1st E. Province Of Brazil A 1st E. Province Of Brazil, bounded N. by the Atlantic, E. by the province of Piauhy, S. W. by Goyaz, and TV. by Grlio Para; area, 168,000 sq. m.; pop. about 385,000, ...
- Marathon
- Marathon, a town of Greece, near the E. coast of Attica, about 18 m. N. E. of Athens, near which the Persians under Datis and Ar-taphernes were defeated, in 490 B. C. (Sept. 28 or 29, according to som...
- Marble
- Marble, a rock used as an ornamental building stone, for interior decorations, and for sculpture. Generally, any limestone that can be obtained in large sound blocks, and is susceptible of a good poli...
- Marburg
- Marburg, a town of Prussia, in the province of Hesse-Nassau, on the river Lahn, 49 m. S. W. of Cassel; pop. in 1871, 9,065. The principal public buildings are the church of St. Elizabeth, a fine, perf...
- Marc Antonio De Dominis
- Marc' Antonio De Dominis, a theologian and natural philosopher, born in Arbe, an island of Dalmatia, in 1566, died in Rome in September, 1624. He was a relative of Pope Gregory X., studied at Loretto ...
- Marc Bohemond
- Marc Bohemond, a Norman crusader, born about 1060, died in 1111. He was the eldest son of Robert Guiscard, the conqueror of Apulia and Calabria, and commanded with distinction in the wars of his fathe...
- Marc Theodore Bourrit
- Marc Theodore Bourrit, a Swiss artist and author, born in Geneva about 1739, died near that city about 1815. He early evinced artistic talent, and reproduced the beauties of Alpine scenery in remarkab...
- Marco Marcos Botzaris (Bozzaris)
- Marco Marcos Botzaris (Bozzaris), a Greek patriot, born about 1790, died near Missolonghi, Aug. 20, 1823. His father, Kitzos Bozzaris, his grandfather, uncles, and brothers, were all distinguished pat...
- Marco Minghetti
- Marco Minghetti, an Italian statesman, born in Bologna, Sept. 8, 1818. He early became known as a lecturer on political economy and advocate of free trade, and as a journalist. In 1848 he was for a sh...
- Marco Polo
- See Polo. Marco Polo #1 Marco Polo, a Venetian traveller, born about 1254, died about 1324. His father Nicole and his uncle Maffeo sailed shortly before Marco's birth on a trading voyage to Constant...
- Marcomnni
- Marcomnni (Ger., men of the marches or borders), an ancient German people of Suevic race. They appear to have originally dwelt in the regions of the Main and Neckar in S. W. Germanv, whence thev follo...
- Marcos Aurelins Antoninus Caracalla
- Marcos Aurelins Antoninus Caracalla, a Roman emperor, born at Lyons A. D. 188, died in 217. He was originally called Bassianus, but received the nickname of Caracalla from a favorite Gallic tunic whic...
- Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
- I. A Roman Senator And Consul A Roman Senator And Consul, born in 163 B. C., died between 90 and 88. He studied eloquence, gained distinction in the army, and was elected curule aedile in 123, praeto...
- Marcus Atilius Regulus
- Marcus Atilius Regulus, a Roman general, died about 250 B. C. He was consul in 267, when he defeated the Sallentini, took Brun-dusium, and received a triumph. In 256, the ninth year of the first Punic...
- Marcus Aurelius Probus
- Marcus Aurelius Probus, a Roman emperor, born in Sirmium, Pannonia, about A. D. 230, assassinated there in 282. While he was very young the emperor Valerian raised him to the rank of tribune. He comma...
- Marcus Coeceius Nerva
- Marcus Coeceius Nerva, a Roman emperor, born probably in Narnia, Umbria, A. D. 32, died in Rome, Jan. 23, 98. He was twice consul before his accession to the purple, in 71 with Vespasian, and in 90 wi...
- Marcus Fabius Quintilian (Quintilianus)
- Marcus Fabius Quintilian (Quintilianus), a Roman rhetorician, born probably at Calagur-ris in Spain about A. D. 40, died about 118. He was educated at Rome, and was an advocate and teacher of eloquenc...
- Marcus Furius Camillus
- Marcus Furius Camillus, a Roman magistrate, died of pestilence in 365 B. C. His name is connected with some of the greatest events in the history of the republic. His virtues and exploits are recorded...
- Marcus Salvius Otho
- Marcus Salvius Otho, a Roman emperor, born A. D. 32, died in April, 69. His family traced its origin to the kings of Etruria. His father, Lucius Otho, held many places of honor and trust under Tiberiu...
- Marcus Terentios Varro
- Marcus Terentios Varro, a Roman scholar, born in the Sabine town of Reate in 116 B. C, died in 28. He received a liberal education, held a high office in the navy in the wars against the pirates and a...
- Marcus Tullins Ciceuo
- Marcus Tullins Ciceuo, a Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher, born at Arpinum, Jan. 3, 106 B. C, assassinated Dec. 7, 43 B. C. He belonged to an equestrian family, and with his brother Quintus wa...
- Marcus Valerius Corvus
- Marcus Valerius Corvus, a Roman general, born about 371 B. C., died about 271. In 349, being tribune under L. Camillus in his campaign against the Gauls, he accepted the challenge of a gigantic barbar...
- Mare Lescarbot
- Mare Lescarbot, seigneur de St. Audebert, a French historian, born at Vervins about 1570, died about 1630. His earliest known work, Discours sur la reunion des Eglises d' Alexandria et de Russie a la ...
- Maremme
- Maremme (sing, marcmma, a salt marsh), tracts of marshy country in some parts of middle Italy, on the Mediterranean coasts, especially from the mouth of the Cecina to Orbetello, which are extremely un...
- Marexgo
- Marexgo, a village of Piedmont, Italy, on; the river Bormida, 2 m. S. E. of Alessandria, I situated on an extensive plain of the same name, where a victory was gained by Bonaparte over the Austrian ge...
- Margaret
- Margaret, queen and patron saint of Scotland, born in Hungary in 1046, died in Edinburgh. Nov. 17. 1093. She was the niece of Edward the Confessor, and daughter of Edward, son of Edmund Ironside. and ...
- Margaret Beaufort
- Margaret Beaufort, countess of Richmond and of Derby, born at Bletsoe, Bedfordshire, in 1441, died in 1509. She was a daughter of the duke of Somerset, grandson of Edward III., and was married to the ...
- Margaret Blessington
- Margaret Blessington, countess of, an Irish woman of letters, born near Clonmel, Sept. 1, 1789, died in Paris, June 4, 1849. She was the third daughter of Mr. Edmund Power, and when only 15 years old ...
- Margaret Fuller Ossoli
- Margaret Fuller Ossoli, marchioness, an American authoress, born in Cambridgeport, Mass., May 23, 1810, died by shipwreck on Fire Island beach, off Long Island, July 16, 1850. She was the eldest child...
- Margaret Of Anou
- Margaret Of Anou, queen of England, daughter of Rene, duke of Lorraine and count of Provence, and titular king of Sicily and Jerusalem, and of Isabella of Lorraine, born at Pont-a-Mousson, March 23, 1...
- Margaret Of Austria
- Margaret Of Austria, daughter of Maximilian I., emperor of Germany, and of Mary of Burgundy, born in the Low Countries, Jan. 10, 1480, died there, Dec. 1, 1530. Before she was three years old she was,...
- Margaret Of Denmark
- Margaret Of Denmark, called the Semi-ramis of the North, queen of the united kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, horn in Copenhagen in 1353, died in Flensbufg, Oct. 28, 1412. She was the third da...
- Margaret Of Parm4
- Margaret Of Parm4, regent of the Netherlands under Philip II. of Spain, born in Brussels in 1522, died at Ortona, Italy, in 1580. She was the natural daughter of Charles Y. by Margaret van der Geenst,...
- Margaret Of Valois
- Margaret Of Valois, queen of France, born at Sr. Germain, May 14, 1553, died in Paris, March 27, 1615. She was the daughter of Henry II. and of Catharine de' Medici, and was famous for beauty, talents...
- Maria Angelica Kauffmann
- Maria Angelica Kauffmann, a Swiss painter, born in Coire, Oct. 30, 1741, died in Rome, Nov. 5, 1807. At the age of 15 she was taken to Milan and put under the best masters in music and painting, and i...
- Maria Christina
- Maria Christina, former queen dowager of Spain, born in Naples, April 27, 1806. Her father was Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies, and her mother Maria Isabella, daughter of Charles IV. of Spain. Sh...
- Maria De Medici
- Maria De' Medici, queen of France, daughter of Francis I., grand duke of Tuscany, and of the archduchess Johanna of Austria, born in Florence, April 26, 1573, died in Cologne, July 8, 1642. she was ed...
- Maria Felicia Malibran
- Maria Felicia Malibran, a Spanish singer, born in Paris, March 24, 1808, died in Manchester, England, Sept. 23, 1886. She was the eldest daughter of the singer and instructor Manuel Garcia, by whom sh...
- Maria II. Da Gloria
- Maria II. Da Gloria, queen of Portugal, born in Rio Janeiro, April 4, 1819, died in Lisbon, Nov. 15,1853. Her mother, a daughter of the emperor Francis I. of Austria, and her grandfather, John VI. of ...
- Maria Lonisa Catharine Augusta
- Maria Lonisa Catharine Augusta, empress of Germany and queen of Prussia, born in Weimar, Sept. 30, 1811. She is the daughter of the grand duke Charles Frederick of Saxe-Weimar (died July 8, 1853), and...
- Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini
- Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini, an Italian composer, born in Florence, Sept. 8, 1760, died in Paris, March 15, 1842. He studied under his father, who was a pianist, and in 1769) under B...
- Maria Theresa
- Maria Theresa, a German empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, born in Vienna, May 13, 1717, died there, Nov. 29, 1780. She was the daughter of the emperor Charles VI. of Hapsburg, whose principa...
- Marianneor Mariana Islands Ladrone
- Marianneor Mariana Islands Ladrone, a group of about 20 islands belonging to Spain, in the north Pacific ocean, N. of the Caroline islands, between lat. 13 and 21 N., and lon. 144 and 1...
- Mariano Charlotte De Corday Darmans
- Mariano Charlotte De Corday D'Armans, a French heroine, born at St. Saturnin des Li-gnerets, in the present department of Orne, July 28, 1768, guillotined in Paris, July 17, 1793. Her father was a poo...
- Mariano Matamoros
- Mariano Matamoros, a Mexican patriot, executed at Valladolid, Feb. 13, 1814. The time and place of his birth and the circumstances of his early life are unknown. In December, 1811, he was parish pries...
- Marie Ahelie
- Marie Ahelie, queen of the French, born at Caserta, near Naples, April 20, 1782, died at Claremont, near Windsor, England, March 24, 1866. Her father was Ferdinand I., king of the Two Sicilies, and he...
- Marie Alp House A French General Bedeau
- Marie Alp House A French General Bedeau, born at Vertou, Aug. 10, 1804, died in Nantes, Oct. 30, 1863. He was the son of a naval otficer, was educated at Saint Cyr, distinguished himself at the siege ...
- Marie Anne Adelaide Lenormand
- Marie Anne Adelaide Lenormand, a French fortune-teller, born in Alencon, May 27, 1772, died in Paris, June 25, 1843. She was of a respectable family, but owing to the death of her father received a ve...
- Marie Anne Chateauroux
- Marie Anne Chateauroux, duchess de, a favorite of Louis XV., born about 1718, died Dec. 8, 1744. She was a daughter of the marquis de Nesle, lost her mother in 1729, and following her example as well ...
- Marie Cappelle Lafarge
- Marie Cappelle Lafarge, a French woman notorious for her condemnation as a poisoner, born at Villers-Hellon, Aisne, in 1816, died at Ussat, a watering place in the Pyrenees, Nov. 7, 1852. She belonge...
- Marie De Rabutin-Chantal Sevigne
- Marie De Rabutin-Chantal Sevigne, marquise de, a French epistolary writer, born in Paris, Feb. 6, 1626, died at Grignan, April 18, 1696. Left an orphan at the age of six, she was brought up by her mat...
- Marie De Rohan Montbazon Chevreuse
- Marie De Rohan Montbazon Chevreuse, duchess de, a French woman celebrated for her beauty, wit, and intrigues, born in December, 1600, died at Gagny, near Chelles, Aug. 12, 1679). When scarcely 17 year...
- Marie Felicite Brosset
- Marie Felicite Brosset, a French orientalist, born in Paris, Feb. 5, 1802. He was educated for the church, and for three years was a teacher in Jesuit colleges, but abandoned theology and devoted hims...
- Marie Francois Xavier Bichat
- Marie Francois Xavier Bichat, a French anatomist and physiologist, born at Thoirette-en-Bresse, department of the Am, Nov. 11, 1771, died in Paris, July 22,1802. He was a student of the Jesuit seminar...
- Marie Heuri Beyle
- Marie Heuri Beyle, popularly known as Stendhal, a French author, born in Grenoble, Jan. 23, 1783, died in Paris, March 23, 1842. He was the son of a lawyer, displayed early talent at the central schoo...
- Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat Condorcet
- Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat Condorcet, marquis de, a French savant, born at Ribemont, near St. Quentin, Sept. 17,1743, died at Bourg-la-Reine, March 28, 1794. He received his education at the c...
- Marie Jean Herault De Sechelles
- Marie Jean Herault De Sechelles, a French revolutionist, born in Paris in 1760, guillotined there, April 5, 1794. He was a lawyer, and was advocate general at the Chatelet. When the revolution broke o...
- Marie Jeanne Gomard De Yaubernier Barry
- Marie Jeanne Gomard De Yaubernier Barry, countess du, mistress of Louis XV., born at Van-couleurs, in Champagne, Aug. 19, 1746, guillotined in Paris, Dec. 6, 1793. She was the daughter of a seamstress...
- Marie Joseph Engene Sue
- Marie Joseph Engene Sue, a French novelist, born in Paris, Dec. 10, 1804, died in Annecy, Aug. 3, 1857. He was an army and navy surgeon for several years till 1829, when he inherited a large fortune, ...
- Marie Lonise Elisabeth Lebrun
- Marie Lonise Elisabeth Lebrun, a French painter, born in Paris, April 16, 1755, died there, March 30, 1842. Her father, M. Vigee, was a painter, and her stepfather was a goldsmith, who exhibited in hi...
- Marie Margnerite Daubray Brinvilliers
- Marie Margnerite Daubray Brinvilliers, marchioness de, a French woman, convicted of poisoning her father, her brothers, and many others, executed at Paris, July 16, 1676. She was highly educated, and ...
- Marie Nicolas Bouillet
- Marie Nicolas Bouillet, a French metaphysician and encyclopaedist, born in Paris, May 5, 1798, died there, Dec. 28, 1864. He was for 20 years professor of metaphysics and ethics in various colleges, a...
- Marie Roch Louis Reybaud
- Marie Roch Louis Reybaud, a French author, born in Marseilles, Aug. 15, 1799. He was brought up as a merchant, made several commercial voyages, and in 1828 settled in Paris. He wrote for various liber...
- Marie Therese Louise De Savoie-Ca-Rignan Lamballe
- Marie Therese Louise De Savoie-Ca-Rignan Lamballe, princess of, born in Turin, Sept. 8, 1749, murdered at the prison of La Force in Paris, Sept. 3, 1792. She was early remarked for her intelligence, s...
- Marietta
- Marietta, a city and the capital of Washington co., Ohio, at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, and at the terminus of the Marietta and Cincinnati and the Marietta, Pittsburgh, and Cleve...
- Marigold
- Marigold, the usual name of garden plants of two distinct genera of campositw The old naturalists called them Mary Gowles, a name from the Anglo-Saxon for another plant, which has been transferred to ...
- Marini, Or Marino, Glambattista
- Marini, Or Marino, Glambattista, an Italian poet, born in Naples, Oct. 18. 1569, died there, March 25, 1625. He was driven from his home on account of his repugnance to the legal profession, and devot...
- Marion
- Marion, the name of 17 counties in the United States. I. A X. County Of West Virginia A X. County Of West Virginia, drained by the Monongahela and its branches; area, 275 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,10...
- Marion Delorme
- Marion Delorme, a French courtesan, born near Chalons-sur-Marne about 1612, died in Paris in 1650. She was the daughter of a tradesman, and received little if any education. Endowed with extraordinary...
- Marjoram
- Marjoram, the common name of plants of the genus origanum, in the natural order la-biatte, having nearly entire leaves and purplish or whitish flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, which ar...
- Mark Alexander Boyd
- Mark Alexander Boyd, a Scottish scholar and soldier, born at Galloway, Jan. 13, 1562, died at Pinkill, April 10, 1601. His headstrong temper made him quarrel with his relatives and instructors, and be...
- Mark Catesby
- Mark Catesby, an English artist and naturalist, born about 1680, died in London, Dec. 24, 1749. After studying the natural sciences in London, he went to Virginia, and remained in America seven years,...
- Mark Hopkins
- Mark Hopkins, an American scholar, born in Stockbridge, Mass., Feb. 4, 1802. He graduated at Williams college in 1824, and having filled a tutorship in the college for two years, he received in 1828 t...
- Marlborough
- Marlborough, a N. E. county of South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, bounded W. by the Great Pedee river, and watered by its affluents; area, 505 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 11,814, of whom 0,008 wer...
- Marmaros
- Marmaros, a N. E. county of Hungary, bordering on Galicia, Bukowina, and Transylvania, and the counties of Bereg, Ugocsa, and Szat-mar; area, 3,998 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 220,506, including about 100,0...
- Marmoset
- Marmoset, the common name of the South American monkeys of the family hapalidce, including the genera hapale (Illiger) and midas (Geoffroy). The number of teeth is the same as in the old-world apes an...
- Marmot
- Marmot, a large rodent of the squirrel family, and genus arctomys (Schreber). The body is thick and compressed, the head large and flattened, the legs short and stout, and the tail short, bushy, and n...
- Maronites
- Maronites, a body of Syrian Christians who acknowledge the spiritual supremacy of the Eoman pontiff. The name appears to have been derived from St. Maron or Maroun, a hermit who lived in the mountains...
- Maroons
- Maroons, fugitive slaves in the European colonies in the West Indies and in Guiana, who banded together in the forests and mountains and for a long time maintained their freedom. The origin of the wor...
- Marquesas Islands, Or Mcudana Archinolao
- Marquesas Islands, Or Mcudana Archinolao, a cluster of 13 small islands in the South Pacific ocean, between lat. 7' 45' and 1 1 S and Ion. 138 and 14 1 W.; aggregate area. 480 sq. m.; pop. in 186...
- Marquette
- I. A central county of the upper peninsula of Michigan, bounded N. E. , by Lake Superior and S. W. by Wisconsin, and ! drained f,y the Escanaba, Michigamig, and Me-quacumecuin rivers and other streams...
- Marquis, Or Marquess
- Marquis, Or Marquess, a title of dignity in England, France, and Italy, ranking next below that of duke. In Germany, whence it derives its origin, the corresponding title is Marhjraf, in English mar-r...
- Marraige
- Marraige, in law. the conjugal union of one man with one woman. In all Christian comities the marriage relation exists, and is as the most solemn of contracts; 'in.: in Protestant countries it is sacr...
- Marriage Settlements
- A promise to give or advance to a woman, or settle upon her, money or an estate, on her marriage is valid; because the marriage is regarded by the law as a sufficient consideration for it. But it must...
- Marrow
- Marrow, also called Medulla, a soft, translucent, yellowish or reddish vascular substance, found in the central cavities and in the spongy texture of the bones of man and the higher animals. There are...
- Marryat
- I. Frederick Frederick, a British author, born in London, July 10, 1792, died at Lang-ham. Norfolk, Aug. 2, 1848. He entered the naval service at 11 years of age as a midshipman on board the frigate ...
- Marsala (Anc. Lilybceum)
- Marsala (Anc. Lilybceum), a fortified seaport town at the W. extremity of Sicily, adjacent to Cape Boeo (anc. Promontorium Luy-bceum), in the province and 16 in. S. S. W. of the town of Trapani; pop. ...
- Marschner Heinrich
- Marschner Heinrich, a German composer, born in Zittau, Aug. 16, 1795, died in Hanover, Dee. 13, 1801. He was almost a self-taught musician, his parents being too poor to afford him proper instruction,...
- Marseillaise
- Marseillaise, a national song of France, produced in 1792 by Rouget de i'lsle, an offi-cer th.-n stationed at Strasburg, and hence originally called Chant de guerre de Varmee du lihin. It soon attaine...
- Marseilles (Fr. Marseille; Anc. Massilia)
- Marseilles (Fr. Marseille; Anc. Massilia), a city and the principal seaport of France, capital of the department of Rouches-du-Rhone, on the N. E. shore of the gulf of Lyons, at the head of a bay the ...
- Marsh
- I. George Perkins George Perkins, an American scholar, born in Woodstock, Vt., March 17, 1801. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1820, and then removed to Burlington, Vt., where he studied law and...
- Marshal
- Marshal (Fr. marechal; old Tier. Marah, horse, and Scale or Sehalk, servant), a term originally applied to the person who had charge of the horses of the king or other high dignitary. In the middle a...
- Marshall
- Marshall, the name of nine counties in the United States. I. A X. County Of West Virginia A X. County Of West Virginia, forming the base of the Panhandle between Ohio and Pennsylvania, and bordere...
- Marshall Hall
- Marshall Hall, an English physician, born at Basford, Nottinghamshire, in 1790, died in Brighton, Aug. 11, 1857. At the age of 19 he went to the university of Edinburgh and studied medicine and chemis...
- Marsi
- I. An Ancient People Of Italy An Ancient People Of Italy, of Sabine race. They dwelt in the central Apennines, their territory surrounding Lake Fuci-nus (now Lago di Celano), where they bordered upon...
- Marsipials
- Marsipials, an order of implacental mammals, all, with the exception of the American opossums, now confined to Australia and its archipelago. The name is derived from the presence of a marsupium or ab...
- Marston Moor
- Marston Moor, a large open plain of Yorkshire, England, 8 in. N. W. of York, where a decisive victory was gained by the parliamentary forces and the Scots, under Lord Fairfax and the earl of Leven, ov...
- Marsyas
- Marsyas, in Greek mythology, according to different traditions, a satyr or a peasant of Phrygia, son of Hyagnis, (Eagrus, or Olympus. A flute, which Minerva had thrown awray in disgust at seeing the d...
- Marten
- Marten, a carnivorous animal of the weasel family, and genus mustela (Linn.), which includes also the fisher and the sahle of Europe. The pine marten or American sahle (if. Americana, Turton) is small...
- Martha's Vineyard
- Martha's Vineyard, an island lying off the S. coast of Massachusetts, and forming the principal portion of Dukes co. With Ohap-paquiddick island, which lies immediately adjacent at its E. extremity an...
- Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialts)
- Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialts), a Latin epigrammatic poet, born in Bilbilis, Spain, March 1, A.D. 43, died near the same place in or after 104. Little is known of his history except from his work...
- Martial Law
- Martial Law, a term often confounded with military law, but in fact quite distinct from it. Military law, besides some customary law, consists chiefly of the articles of Avar; that is to say, of the c...
- Martin
- Martin, an American bird, the largest of the swallow family, belonging to the genus progne (Boie). The bill is strong and short, with a very wide gape and curved culmen; the wings lengthened, the firs...
- Martin (2)
- Martin, the name of five popes, of whom the following are the more important. I. Martin I., Saint Saint Martin I., horn at Todi in Tuscany about 600, died in the Tauric Chersonese (Crimea), Sept. 16...
- Martin Biter
- Martin Biter, a German reformer, born at Schlettstadt, in Alsace, in 1491, died in Cambridge, England, Feb. 27,1551. His real name, according to some, was Butzer, but according to others it was Kuhhor...
- Martin Farqnhar Tupper
- Martin Farqnhar Tupper, an English author, born in London, July 171810. He graduated at Oxford in 1832, and in 1835 was admitted to the bar, but has never practised. His Proverbial Philosophy, a Book...
- Martin Fried Rich Rudolph Delbruck
- Martin Fried Rich Rudolph Delbruck, a German statesman, born in Berlin in 1817. He is the son of a clergyman, who was intrusted with the education of the crown prince, afterward Frederick William IV. ...
- Martin Haug
- Martin Haug, a German orientalist, born at Ostdorf, Wurtemberg, Jan. 30, 1827. By private study he made himself master of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. In 1848 he went to the university of Tubingen, where...
- Martin John Spalding
- Martin John Spalding, an American prelate, born in Marion co., Ky., May 23, 1810, died in Baltimore, Feb. 7, 1872. He graduated at St. Mary's college, Lebanon, in 1820, studied theology, and went to R...
- Martin Luther
- Martin Luther, the leader of the German reformation, born in Eisleben, now a town of Prussian Saxony, on St. Martin's eve, Nov. 10, 1483, died in the same place, Feb. 18, 1546. His father was original...
- Martinique, Or Martinico
- Martinique, Or Martinico, one of the West India islands belonging to France, in the Windward group, lying between lat. 14 23' and 14 53' N., and Ion. 60 50' and 61 19' W., 30 m. S....
- Martino Fernandez Navarrete
- Martino Fernandez Navarrete, a Spanish historian, born at Abalos, Old Castile, Nov. 9, 1705, died in Madrid, Oct. 8,1844. He entered the navy in 1780, was present at the attack on Gibraltar in Septemb...
- Martueau
- I. Harriet Harriet, an English authoress, born in Norwich, June 12, 1802. She is descended from French ancestors, who on the revocation of the edict of Nantes established themselves at Norwich. She r...
- Martyn Paine
- Martyn Paine, an American physician, born in Williamstown, Vt., July 8, 1794. He graduated at Harvard college in 1813, studied medicine in Boston, and practised in Montreal, Canada, from 1816 to 1822,...
- Martynia
- Martynia, a genus of plants, named in honor of Prof. John Martyn, of Cambridge, Eng., and belonging to a suborder of the Bignoni-acea, which some botanists regard as entitled to rank as an order, the ...
- Martyr
- Martyr (Gr , a witness), a term applied to all who suffer for any noble cause, but in a more limited sence to those who suffer death in order to bear witness to their religious belief. Some early wr...
- Marvel Of Peru
- Marvel Of Peru, a garden name for plants of the genus mirabilu, also called four o'clock. The genus belongs to the family nyctaginaeea, and includes about half a dozen species, natives of the warmer ...
- Mary
- Mary (Gr. and ), the mother of Jesus. But little is recorded of her history in the Scriptures. Some authorities consider Luke's genealogy to be that of Mary, and Heli (Luke iii. 23) to have been h...
- Mary I
- Mary I, first queen regnant of England and Ireland, fourth sovereign of the Tudor line and daughter of Henry VIII. and of Catharine of Aragon, born at Greenwich palace, Feb 18 1516, died st St. James'...
- Mary II
- Mary II, first queen regnant of Great Britain and Ireland, daughter of James II. and wife of William III., born at St. James's, April 30, 1G62, died at Kensington palace, Dec. 28, 1094. Her father at ...
- Mary Lyon
- Mary Lyon, an American teacher, born in Buckland, Mass., Feb. 28, 1797, died in South Hadley, Mass., March 5, 1849. Under great difficulties she acquired by persevering effort such an education as she...
- Mary Magdalene
- See Mary Magdalene. Mary Magdalene #1 Mary Magdalene (probably so called from Magdala, a town of Galilee), a woman mentioned by St, Luke (viii. 2) as Mary called Magdalene, out of whom went seven d...
- Mary Manley (De La Riviere)
- Mary Manley (De La Riviere), an English authoress, born in Guernsey about 16.72, died in London, July 11, 1721. She was the daughter of Sir Roger Manley, governor of the island of Guernsey, who was au...
- Mary Martha Sherwood
- Mary Martha Sherwood, an English authoress, born at Stanford, Worcestershire, July 6, 1775, died at Twickenham, near London, Sept. 30, 1851. She was a daughter of the Rev. George Butt. Her earliest wo...
- Mary Of The Incarnation (Marie Gdy-Ard)
- Mary Of The Incarnation (Marie Gdy-Ard), an Ursuline nun, called the St. Theresa of New France, born in Tours, France, Oct. 18, 1599, died in Quebec, April 30, 1672. By the will of her father she marr...
- Mary Russell Mitford
- Mary Russell Mitford, an English authoress, born at Alresford, Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1786, died near Reading, Jan. 10, 1855. She was the daughter of a physician whose pecuniary speculations early involv...
- Mary Somerville
- Mary Somerville, a British physicist, born in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland, Dec. 26, 1780, died in Naples, Italy, Nov. 29, 1872. She was the daughter of Vice Admiral Sir William Fairfax, and chie...
- Mary Stuart
- Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, born in the palace of Linlithgow in December, 1542, beheaded at Fotheringay castle, Northamptonshire, England, Feb. 8, 1587. The precise date of her birth is unknown, for ...
- Mary Victoria Condon Clarke
- Mary Victoria Condon Clarke, an English authoress, born in London, June 22, 1809. She is the eldest daughter of the composer and organist Vincent Novello, and sister of Clara Novello, the singer. In h...
- Mary Virginia Hawes (Terhune)
- Mary Virginia Hawes (Terhune), an American novelist, under the pseudonyme of Marion Harland, born in Amelia county, Va., about 1835. At the age of 16 she published in Godey's Lady's Book a sketch en...
- Maryland
- Maryland, one of the original states of the American Union, situated between lat. 37 53' and 39 44' N, and Ion. 75o 4' and 79 33' W., having an extreme length E. and W. of 196 m., and ...
- Marysville
- Marysville, a city and the capital of Yuba co., California, situated at the junction of the Feather and Yuba rivers, on the Oregon division of the Central Pacific railroad at the intersection of the C...
- Masaccio
- Masaccio, a Florentine painter, whose real name was Tommaso Guidi, born at San Giovanni, near Florence, early in the 15th century, died in 1443. He is said to have been a pupil of Masolino da Panicale...
- Masaniello
- Masaniello (a contraction of Tommaso Ani-ello), an Italian popular leader, born in Amain in 1620, assassinated in Naples, July 16, 1647. He was a fisherman, but headed a successful revolt against the ...
- Masaya
- Masaya, an inland city of Nicaragua, in the department of Granada, 15 m. S. E. of Managua; pop. about 12,000, nearly all Indians. It has not a single public edifice worthy of notice; but the suburbs, ...
- Mascoutins
- Mascoutins, an Algonquin tribe, near Lake Michigan, who figure largely in early French accounts. They were closely united with the Foxes and Kickapoos, and when first known to the French, about 1620, ...
- Masinissa, Or Massinissa
- Masinissa, Or Massinissa, a king of Numidia, born about 240 B. C, died in 148. He was the son of Gala, king of the Massylians, the most powerful tribe in E. Numidia, and received a superior education ...
- Mason
- Mason, the name of six counties in the United States. I. A W. County Of West Virginia A W. County Of West Virginia, bounded N. and W. by the Ohio river, and drained by the Great Kanawha and its tr...
- Mason (2)
- Mason, the name of a family of Virginia. The first of the family who came to North America was Col. George Mason, a member of the English parliament in the reign of Charles I. He opposed the arbitrary...
- Mason And Dixon's Line
- Mason And Dixon's Line, the parallel of lat. 39 43' 26.3 N., which separates Pennsylvania from Maryland, drawn by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two distinguished English mathematicians and a...
- Masque
- Masque, a species of dramatic entertainment, comprehending scenic effects and dancing. It was much cultivated in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, and reached its highest perfection in Englan...
- Massachusetts
- Massachusetts, one of the thirteen original states of the American Union, and one of the New England states, between lat. 41 15' and 42 53' N, and Ion. 69 56' and 73 ' 82' W.; extreme l...
- Massachusetts Indians
- At the time of the English settlement of Massachusetts the territory was occupied by five Algonquin tribes. The Pennacooks were in the north-cast, partly in what is now New Hampshire; the Massachusett...
- Massasoit
- Massasoit, a sachem of the Wampanoags, died in the autumn of 1661, about 80 years of age. His dominions extended over nearly all the southern part of Massachusetts, from Cape Cod to Narragansett bay; ...
- Massillon
- Massillon, a city of Stark co., Ohio, on the Tuscarawas river and the Ohio canal, at the intersection of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, the Lake Shore and Tuscarawas Valley, and the Massillo...
- Massimo Taparelli Azeglio
- Massimo Taparelli Azeglio, marquis d', an Italian statesman, artist, and author, born in Turin, Oct. 2, 1798, died there, Jan. 15, 1866. In his youth, as he says himself in his memoirs, he was a swagg...
- Master And Servant
- The word servant /Lat.servus) is a generic term embracing all persons bound or obliged to render service to others, and therefore including slaves; but where slavery does not exist, a servant is under...
- Master Robert Wace
- Master Robert Wace, an Anglo-Norman poet, born in Jersey about 1110, died probably in England about 1184. His name is variously written. He resided at Caen, and is supposed to have been a favorite cha...
- Master Singers (Ger. Meutertanger)
- Master Singers (Ger. Meutertanger), a class of minstrels who flourished in Germany during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. They were generally of burgher extraction, and in the reign of the emperor...
- Mastic
- Mastic (Gr. from , to chew or eat, so named from the practice of chewing the substance which prevailed formerly as at present in Greece), a resinous exudation from the bark of the pistacia lentisc...
- Mastiff (Canis Urcanus)
- Mastiff (Canis Urcanus), a variety of the dog family, large and powerful, with truncated muzzle and elevated skull, strong neck, muscular back, and robust limbs. The condyles of the lower jaw are abov...
- Mastodon
- Mastodon (Gr. , nipple, and tooth), an extinct proboscidian mammal, coming near the elephant, found either in the tertiary or more recent deposits in all quarters of the globe except Africa. This ...
- Mat
- Mat, a coarse fabric made by interweaving strips of the inner bark of trees, flags, rushes, husks, straw, grass, rattans, or similar materials, and used for covering floors, for beds, sails, packing o...
- Matamas
- Matamas, a fortified seaport of Cuba, on the San Juan river, here crossed by a bridge, and at the head of a beautiful bay of the same name, 53 m. E. of Havana; pop. about 30,000, a considerable decrea...
- Matamoros
- Matamoros, a frontier city of Mexico, in the state of Tamaulipas, on the right bank and 40 m. from the mouth of the Rio Grande, opposite Brownsville, Texas, and 450 m. 1ST. of Mexico; pop. about 12,00...
- Match
- Match, a small stick of combustible material furnished with some very inflammable com-.position, and used for producing fire. It is commonly known in England as the lucifer match'1 or lucifer. In 1...
- Mate, Or Paraguay Tea
- Mate, Or Paraguay Tea, the leaves of a native holly found in South America, an infusion of which is drunk by the people as tea is by Chinese and Europeans. The leaf and the drink are called mate, the ...
- Mateo Jose Bonaveiitura Orfila
- Mateo Jose Bonaveiitura Orfila, a French chemist, born in Port Mahon, Minorca, April 24, 1787, died in Paris, March 12, 1853. He studied medicine at Valencia and Barcelona, and the junta of the latter...
- Mathematics
- Mathematics (Gr. , or , learning), as usually defined, the science of quantities; or more precisely, the science which determines unknown quantities by means of their relations to known quantities...
- Mather
- I. Richard Richard, an English clergyman, born at Lowton, Lancashire, in 1596, died in Dorchester, Mass., April 22, 1669. He received a good education, became a schoolmaster at Toxteth Park, near Liv...
- Mathews
- I. Charles Charles, an English actor, born in London, June 28, 1776, died in Plymouth, June 28, 1835. He was educated at the merchant taylors' school, and subsequently was apprenticed to his father, ...
- Mathew Simpson
- Mathew Simpson, an American clergyman, born in Ohio, June 10, 1810. He graduated at Alleghany college, Meadville, Pa., in 1832, and received the degree of M. D. in 1833, but in the same year entered t...
- Matteo Bandello
- Matteo Bandello, an Italian novelist, born at Castelnuovo Scrivia, near Alessandria, in 1480, died in Agen, France, about 1562. He was a Dominican, accompanied his uncle, general of this order, on his...
- Matterhorn
- Matterhorn (Fr. Mont Gervin; Ital. Monte Silvio), a mountain of the Pennine Alps, between the canton of Valais, Switzerland, and the Val d'Aosta, Italy, 14,835 ft, high. It is one of the grandest peak...
- Matthew Baillie
- Matthew Baillie, a Scottish physician, born at the manse of Shatts, Lanarkshire, Oct. 27, 1761, died at Cirencester, Gloucestershire, Sept. 23, 1823. He was the elder brother of Joanna Baillie, and ne...
- Matthew Boulton
- Matthew Boulton, an English mechanician, born in Birmingham, Sept. 3, 1728, died near there, Aug. 17, 1809. He joined his father in the manufacture of hardware, and one of his first inventions was a n...
- Matthew Carey
- Matthew Carey, an American publisher and author, born in Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 28, 1760, died in Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1839. At the age of 15 years he began to learn the business of printer and book...
- Matthew Fontaine Maury
- Matthew Fontaine Maury, an American hy-drographer, born in Spottsvlvania co., Va., Jan. 14, 1806, died in Lexington, Va.. Feb. 1, 1873. His parents removed while he was still young to Tennessee. In 18...
- Matthew Gregory Lewis
- Matthew Gregory Lewis, an English author, born in London, July 9, 1775, died at sea, while returning from Jamaica, May 14, 1818. He was educated at Christchurch, Oxford, and lived for some time in Ger...
- Matthew Henry
- Matthew Henry, an English Biblical commentator, son of Philip Henry, born at Broad Oak, Flintshire, Oct. 18, 1662, died in Nant-wich, June 22, 1714. He studied law for some time, but preferred the min...
- Matthew Lyon
- Matthew Lyon, an American politician, born in Wicklow co., Ireland, in 1746, died at Spadra Bluff, Arkansas, Aug. 1, 1822. He emigrated to New York in 1755, and, being unable to pay for his passage, w...
- Matthew Paris, Or Matthew Of Paris
- Matthew Paris, Or Matthew Of Paris (Lat. Matthaeus Parisiensis, so called from his having studied in that city), an English historian, born about 1195, died in 1250. From 1217 he was a Benedictine mon...
- Matthew Parker
- Matthew Parker, the second Protestant archbishop of' Canterbury, born in Norwich, Aug. 6, 1504, died in London, May 17, 1575. He entered Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, in 1520, and in 1527 was ord...
- Matthew Prior
- Matthew Prior, an English poet, born at Wimborne-Minster, Dorsetshire, July 21, 1664, died at Wimpole, Cambridgeshire, a seat of Lord Oxford, Sept. 18, 1721. He graduated at Cambridge in 1686. Here he...
- Matthew Tindal
- Matthew Tindal, an English author, born at Beer-Ferris, Devonshire, about 1657, died in London, Aug. 16, 1733. He was educated at Oxford, took the degree of bachelor in 1676, and was elected to a fell...
- Matthias
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- Matthias Alexander Castren
- Matthias Alexander Castren, a Finnish philologist, born at Tervola, Dec. 2, 1813, died in Helsingfors, May 7, 1852. He devoted himself to collecting the monuments of the genius of Finland scattered th...
- Matthias I
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- Matto Grosso (Port
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- Matvei Ivanovitch Platoff
- Matvei Ivanovitch Platoff, count, a Russian general, of Greek origin, born about 1760, died in 1818. He was brought up among the Cossacks of the Don, and after many years' service in the Russian army ...
- Mauch Chunk
- Mauch Chunk, a borough and the capital of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of the Lehigh river, at its passage through the Mahoning mountain, on both sides of the mouth of Mauch Chunk creek, ...
- Maui
- Maui, the second in size of the Hawaiian islands, in lat. 21o N., Ion. 156 30' W.; length 50 m., greatest breadth 27 m.; area, 603 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 12.334. It is of volcanic formation, and c...
- Maule
- Maule, a S. province of Chili, bounded N. by Talca, E. by the Andes, S. by Nuble and Concepcion, and W. by the Pacific; area, 6,424 sq. m., or according to a Chilian authority, about 8,100 sq. m.; pop...
- Maulmain, Or Monlmehi
- Maulmain, Or Monlmehi, a port of Tenasse-rim, on the E. side of the bay of Bengal, at the mouth of the Salwen, on a small peninsula formed by that river and the Gyne and Atta-ran, and nearly opposite ...
- Mauna Loa
- Mauna Loa (long or high, mountain), a volcanic mountain occupying a large part of the central and southern regions of the island of Hawaii; elevation, 13,760 ft. It is entirely composed of lavas whi...
- Maunel Chrysoloras
- Maunel Chrysoloras, a learned Greek of Constantinople, the first who revived the study of Greek literature in Italy toward the close of the middle ages, born about the middle of the 14th century, died...
- Maurer
- I. Georg Laduig Von Georg Laduig Von, a German jurist, born at Erpolsheim, Rhenish Bavaria, Nov. 2, 1790, died in Munich, May 9, 1872. He took his degree at Heidelberg in 1812, and studied in Paris t...
- Maurice
- Maurice, count of Nassau and prince of Orange, stadtholder of the United Dutch Provinces, born at Dillenburg, Nov. 14, 1567, died at the Hague, April 23,1025. He was the second surviving son of Willia...
- Maurice Saxe
- Maurice Saxe, count de, a marshal of France, born in Germany in October, 1696, died at Chambord, Nov. 30, 1750. He was the natural son of Augustus the Strong, elector of Saxony and king of Poland, by ...
- Mauritania, Or Mauretania
- Mauritania, Or Mauretania, in ancient geography, the N. W. coast of Africa, including the modern Morocco and part of Algeria. It was bounded N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the river Ampsaga, which sep...
- Mauritius, Or Isle Of France
- Mauritius, Or Isle Of France, an island belonging to England, in the Indian ocean, between hit. 19 58' and 20 31' S. and Ion. 57 21' and 57 51' E., about 500 m. E. of Madagascar, 1...
- Maximilian (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph)
- Maximilian (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph), archduke of Austria and emperor of Mexico, horn in Vienna. July 6, 1832, shot in Queretaro, Mexico, June 19,1807. He was the second son of the archduke Franci...
- Maximilian I
- Maximilian I, emperor of Germany, born in Neustadt, near Vienna, March 22, 1459, died at Wels, Jan. 12, 1519. He was the son of the emperor Frederick III., of the house of Hapsburg, and of Eleanor, a ...
- Maximilicn De Betliune Sully
- Maximilicn De Betliune Sully, baron de Rosny, duke of, a French statesman, born at Rosny, near Mantes, Dec. 13, 1560, died near Chartres, Dec. 22, 1641. He belonged to a noble Protestant family, and f...
- Maximilien Lamarque
- Maximilien Lamarque, count, a French general, born in St. Sever, July 22, 1770, died-in Paris, June 1, 1832. He enlisted in the army in 1791, was sent to Spain, reached the rank of captain, and joined...
- Maximilien Marie Isidore De Robespierre
- Maximilien Marie Isidore De Robespierre, a French revolutionist, born in Arras, May 6, 1758, executed in Paris, July 28, 1794. He was supposed to be of remote Irish origin, and his ancestors had acqui...
- Maximilien Paul Emile Littre
- Maximilien Paul Emile Littre, a French philologist, born in Paris, Feb. 1, 1801. He was educated for the profession of medicine, but his attention has always been given chiefly to philosophical and li...
- Maximin (Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus)
- Maximin (Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus)), a Roman emperor, born in Thrace in the latter part of the 2d century, killed before Aqnileia in 238. He was the son of a Goth by an Alan woman, and was brought...
- May (Lat. Mains)
- May (Lat. Mains), the fifth month in the Gregorian calendar, consisting of 31 days. Among the Romans it was sacred to Apollo, and almost every day was a festival. On the 9th, 11th, and 13th days was c...
- Mayas
- Mayas, the race of Indians inhabiting Yucatan and some adjoining districts. By some ethnologists they are regarded as a distinct race, though the precise period of their arrival on the peninsula is un...
- Mayer Anselm Rothschild
- Mayer Anselm Rothschild, a German banker, born in Frankfort in 1743, died there in September, 1812. He belonged to a poor Jewish family, and was a clerk in Hanover before establishing himself at Frank...
- Mayfly
- Mayfly, an insect generally placed m the order newoptera, with the dragon Hies, ephemeral, myrmeleon, and termites or white ants, forming the genus phryganea as restricted by Latreille. The jaws are h...
- Mayhew
- Mayhew, the name of several brothers distinguished in contemporary English literature. I. Henry Henry, born in London, Nov. 25, 1812, was educated at Westminster school, and afterward established hi...
- Mayne Reid
- Mayne Reid, a British novelist, born in the north of Ireland in 1818. He is the son of a Presbyterian minister, and was educated for the church, but, being fonder of adventure than of theology, set ou...
- Maynooth
- Maynooth, a market town of Ireland, county Kildare, on the Royal canal, 15 m. W. N. W. of Dublin; pop. in 1871, 2,091. It has a ruined castle built in 1426 by John Fitzgerald, earl of Kildare,- and is...
- Mayo
- Mayo, a maritime county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, bordering on Sligo, Roscommon, Gahvay, and the Atlantic ocean; area, 2,131 sip m.; pop. in 1871, 245,855. The coasts are indented by n...
- Mayor Of The Palace
- Mayor Of The Palace (Lat. major domus regice, or magister palatii), an officer of state in France under the Merovingian kings, who originally exercised the functions of royal steward, having the manag...
- Mayweed
- Mayweed, a plant of the composite family, with so much the aspect of the chamomile that some botanists place it in the same genus as anthemis cotula, while others regard the fact that the ray flowers ...
- Mazatlan
- Mazatlan, a maritime city of Mexico, in the state of Sinaloa, at the head of a bay at the entrance of the gulf of California, 530 m. N. W. of Mexico; pop. in 1867 (according to official reports), 11,6...
- Mbelingenlied, Or Nibelnngennot
- Mbelingenlied, Or Nibelnngennot, an old German epic poem, embodying several cycles of heroic traditions. Its legends form a large part of the Heldeiuagen of Germany, and are found with various modific...
- Mcdowell
- I. The S. County Of West Virginia I. The S. County Of West Virginia, bordering on Virginia, and drained by the Tug fork of Sandy river; area, about 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 1,952. The S. and E. part...
- Mchenry
- I. A N. E. County Of Illinois I. A N. E. County Of Illinois, bordering on Wisconsin, drained by Fox and Des Plaines rivers and their branches; area, 470 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 23,762. The surface is n...
- Mchlenberg
- I. Peter John Gabriel Peter John Gabriel, an American general, son of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, the founder of the German Lutheran church in America, born at Trappe, Montgomery co., Pa., Oct. 1, 174...
- Mckel
- Mckel, a silver-white, malleable, and ductile metal, discovered by Cronstedt in 1751. It is represented by the symbol Ni; its atomic weight is 58'8, and its specific gravity is 8'279, increasing to 8....
- Mclean
- I. A N. W. County Of Kentucky I. A N. W. County Of Kentucky, intersected by Green river; area, 320 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 7,614, of whom 814 were colored. The surface is undulating and the soil produc...
- Mcleod
- Mcleod, a S. central county of Minnesota, watered by the S. fork of Crow river; area, 504 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,643. The surface is undulating and the soil productive. It is traversed by the Hasting...
- Mcobar Islands
- Mcobar Islands, a cluster in the Indian ocean, S. of the Andaman group and N. of Sumatra, between lat, 6 45' and 9 15' N., and Ion. 92 45' and 94 E.; pop. about 6,000. It includes ...
- Mcolaitaas
- Mcolaitaas, a heretical sect, alluded to in Rev. ii. 6, 15, and by some supposed to have received their name from Nicolas of Antioch, one of the seven deacons said to have fallen into practices oppose...
- Mdonald Clarke
- M'Donald Clarke, an eccentric American poet, born in New London, Conn., June 18, 1798, died in New York, March 5, 1842. For many years his blue cloak, cloth cap, erect military air, and beaming counte...
- Meade
- Meade, a N. county of Kentucky, on the Ohio river, drained by Otter and Spring creeks and other tributaries of the Ohio; area, about 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,485, of whom 1,294 were colored. It has...
- Meadow Lark
- Meadow Lark, a starling, of the American genus sturnella (Vieillot). The body is thick and stout, the legs large, with hind toes reaching beyond the tail, which is short, even, and of narrow pointed f...
- Meadow Mouse
- Meadow Mouse, the common name of the small rodents of the genus arvicola (Lacep.). The molars are (3/3)-(3/3), and rootless; the ears are short, nearly hidden in the fur; the muzzle is broad and round...
- Meadow Ore Bog Ore
- Meadow Ore Bog Ore, or Limonite (Or. meadow), a variety of iron ore, which collects in low places, being washed down in a soluble form in the waters which flow over rocks or sands containing oxide ...
- Meadville
- Meadville, a city and the capital of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, on the E. bank of French creek, and on the Atlantic and Great W estern railroad at the junction of the Franklin branch, 82 m. N. by W. ...
- Meal Worm
- Meal Worm, the name given in Europe to the larva of a black heteromerous beetle, the tene-brio molitor (Linn.). The perfect insect, about two thirds of an inch long, appears in the evening in the leas...
- Mealy Bug
- Mealy Bug, a very destructive insect in greenhouses, of the order hemiptera, and family coccidae or bark lice, the coccus Adonidum, (Linn.). The perfect insects resemble small scales; the reddish larv...
- Measles (Rubeola Rnorbilli)
- Measles (Rubeola Rnorbilli), a contagious exanthematous fever, attended with a characteristic eruption. Up to the latter part of the last century measles and scarlet fever were confounded together, or...
- Mechanics
- Mechanics, that branch of natural philosophy which treats of the action of forces on bodies. It is divided into statics, which treats of the action of forces in equilibrium, and dynamics, which treats...
- Mechlin, Or Mechelen (Fr.Malines)
- Mechlin, Or Mechelen (Fr.Malines), a city of Belgium, in the province of Antwerp, on the Dyle, 13 m. N. by E. of Brussels; pop. in 1870, 30,090. It is one of the railway centres of Belgium, four lines...
- Mecklenburg
- I. A S. E. County Of Virginia A S. E. County Of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, bounded N. by the Meherrin river, intersected by the Roanoke, and drained by its tributaries; area, 640 sq. m.; ...
- Medea
- Medea, a mythical princess, a daughter of Aeetes, king of Colchis, by the oceanid Idyia, or Hecate, daughter of Perses. She was famous for her skill in sorcery, and enabled Jason, with whom she had fa...
- Media
- Media (Old Pers. Mada; Heb. Madai). an ancient country of Asia, bounded N. by Armenia, from which it was partly separated by the A raws (Aras) river and the Caspian sea, E. by Hyrcania, Parthia, and t...
- Medical Electricity, Or Elertro-Therapentics
- Medical Electricity, Or Elertro-Therapentics, the therapeutical application of the various kinds of electricity. The attempt to employ electricity in medicine dates as far back as the knowledge of the...
- Medical Jurisprudence
- Medical Jurisprudence, called also legal or forensic medicine, the employment of the principles of medical science in the administration of law. In its relations to jurisprudence, medical learning is ...
- Medici
- Medici, a distinguished family of not well authenticated origin, though traced by some genealogists to the days of Charlemagne, and appearing in Florentine history since the close of the 13th century....
- Medicine
- Medicine, the science and art of curing disease. Some rude appliances to wounds and injuries, some equally rude observances in cases of internal disease, are common among the most barbarous people. Th...
- Medilvat
- I. A S. W. County Of Texas A S. W. County Of Texas, bounded N. E. by the Medina river; area, 1,175 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,078, of whom 92 were colored. The surface is rolling and in some parts hilly...
- Medina
- Medina (Arab. Medinet en-Nebi, city of the prophet), a city of Arabia, in the province of Hedjaz, situated on the vast plateau of high land which forms central Arabia, about 250 m. N. of Mecca, in l...
- Mediterranean Sea
- Mediterranean Sea, the great midland sea separating the southern shores of Europe from the north coast of Africa, and bounded E. by part of Asia. It was not known to the ancients by its present name. ...
- Medlar
- Medlar, a fruit-bearing tree of the order rosacea, common in the wild state in most parts of Europe, some of the finer varieties of which are cultivated. In most works the medlar is placed in a separa...
- Meerschaum
- Meerschaum (Ger., sea foam, so called from its lightness and whitish appearance), or Mag-nesite, a hydrous silicate of magnesia, of composition represented by the formula MgO, Si03 + 2HO. It is a mine...
- Meerut
- I. A District Of British India A District Of British India, in the Northwest Provinces, forming part of the Doab, and bounded E. by the Ganges and W. by the Jumna; area, 2,332 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 1...
- Megaloimx
- Megaloimx (Gr. , great, and , claw), an extinct genus of giant edentates, allied to the sloths, established in 1797 by Thomas Jefferson, in a communication to the American philosophical society o...
- Megalopolis
- Megalopolis, a city of ancient Greece, ori-ginally capital of the Arcadian confederation, on the river Helisson. It was founded at the suggestion of Epaminondas, after the battle of Leuctra (371 B. C)...
- Megalosaurus
- Megalosaurus (Gr. , great, and , lizard), a gigantic fossil reptile of the family of dinosaurians, which includes the iguanodon, previously described. This family, entirely extinct, was remarkable...
- Megara
- Megara, a city of ancient Greece, capital of Megaris, about 1 m. from the Saronic gulf, opposite the island of Salamis, 20 m. AV. by N. of Athens. It consisted of a double acropolis and the city prope...
- Megasthenes
- Megasthenes (Gr. , great, and strength), a name given by Dana to one of the grand divisions of the non-marsupial or higher mammals, as indicating a superior type, based on a larger and more power...
- Megatherium
- Megatherium (Gr. , great, and , animal), an extinct edentate animal, of gigantic size, coming in many respects near to the sloth family, and with its allies, the megalonyx and mylodon, seeming to ...
- Mehemet Ali, Or Mohammed All
- Mehemet Ali, Or Mohammed All, pasha of Egypt, born at Kavala, Macedonia, in 1769, died in Cairo, Aug. 2,1849. He lost his father at an early age, and was brought up by the governor of the town. Soon a...
- Meigs
- I. A S. E. County Of Tennessee A S. E. County Of Tennessee, bounded N W. by the Tennessee river; area, 215 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 4,511, of whom 436 were colored. The surface is hilly and the soil fer...
- Meissen
- Meissen, a town of Saxony, on the Elbe, 12 m. N. W. of Dresden; pop. in 1871, 11,455. It contains a castle founded by Henry the Fowler, and a fine Gothic cathedral, said to have been built by the empe...
- Meister Eckhart
- Meister Eckhart(master), the father of German mysticism, born probably in Stras-burg in the middle of the 13th century, died probably in Cologne about 1328. He studied theology and philosophy in Paris...
- Mekhitar, Or Mechitar
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- Mekong, Or Cambodia
- Mekong, Or Cambodia, the chief river of the Indo-Chinese peninsula (Further India), rises near the E. extremity of the main range of the Himalaya mountains, in the S. E. portion of Thibet, flows 8. E....
- Melbourne
- Melbourne, a city of S. E. Australia, capital of the colony of Victoria, on the banks of the Yarra-Yarra river, about 9 m. from its mouth, at the upper end of the large estuary of Port Phillip, 450 m....
- Melchior Joseph Eugene Daumas
- Melchior Joseph Eugene Daumas, a French soldier and author, born Sept. 4, 1803, died near Bordeaux in May, 1871. He entered the army as a volunteer in 1822, but was appointed a sub-lieutenant in 1827....
- Meleager
- I. A Mythical Hero Of Greece The legends respecting him are discordant. According to one, he was the son of Mars and Althaea, and to others, of (Eneus and Althaea. The prevailing legend is, that whil...
- Meletius, Or Melltius
- Meletius, Or Melltius, author of the Mele-tian schism, horn in Egypt about 200, died at Lycopolig, in the Thebais, in 326. He was made bishop of Lycopolis about 300, and during the persecution became ...
- Melodeon
- Melodeon (Gr. . , melody), the name, at different times, of two or more unlike forms of musical instruments, but now appropriated to one of recent date, and so far excelling those before it as to be...
- Melon
- Melon, the common name for fruits of vines of the cucurlitacem or gourd family. In England, where but one kind is cultivated, the name melon applies solely to the fruit of cu-cumis melo; but in this c...
- Melos (The Ancient Name, Now Restored), Or Milo
- Melos (The Ancient Name, Now Restored), Or Milo, an island in the Grecian archipelago, one of the Cyclades, belonging to the kingdom of Greece, lving about 65 m. E. of the coast of the Peloponnesus, i...
- Melrose Abbey
- Melrose Abbey, a celebrated ruin in the town of Melrose, Roxburghshire, Scotland, near the Tweed, 31 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. It was founded in 1136 by David I., completed in 1146, and dedicated to the ...
- Melun (Anc. Melodunujn)
- Melun (Anc. Melodunujn), a town of France, capital of the department of Seine-et-Marne, on the Seine, 25 m. S. E. of Paris; pop. in 1866, 11,408. Part of the town is built on an island in the Seine. T...
- Melville Island
- I. In Polar America See Melville Sound. II. An Island Lying Off The N. W. Coast Of Australia An Island Lying Off The N. W. Coast Of Australia, between lat. 11 8' and 11 56' S., and Ion. 1...
- Melville Sound, Or Parry Sonnd
- Melville Sound, Or Parry Sonnd, a body of water in the north polar regions of America, lying between lat. 72 and 75 N., .and Ion. 100 and 115 W., enclosed between the Parry islands...
- Membrane
- Membrane, a general term applied to thin layers of tissue, more or less elastic, whitish or reddish, lining either closed cavities or canals opening externally, absorbing or secreting fluids, and enve...
- Memel
- Memel, the northernmost town of Prussia, in the province of East Prussia, on the Baltic sea near the Russian frontier, at the N. end of the Kurisches Haff, and at the mouth of the river Dange, 72 m. N...
- Memnon
- Memnon, a hero of the Trojan war, son of Tithonus and Eos or Aurora. Homer in the Odyssey describes him as the handsome son of Eos who brought a force of Ethiopians to assist in the defence of Troy ag...
- Memo Symons
- Memo Symons (commonly written Menno Simonis, and defined as Menno, son of Simon; but Symons was his surname), a religious reformer, born at Witmarsum in West Friesland about 1496, died at Wtistenfel...
- Memphis
- Memphis (Coptic, Menji or Menofre, good abode or the abode of the good one, supposed to refer to Osiris; in hieroglyphic inscriptions, according to some, Ma-en-Ptah, abode of Ptah; in Scripture, N...
- Memphis, A City
- A City Memphis, port of delivery, and the capital of Shelby co., Tennessee, situated in the S. W. corner of the state, on the Mississippi river, just below the mouth of Wolf river, on the fourth Chick...
- Menander
- Menander, an Athenian dramatic poet, born in 342 B. C, died in 291. Alexis, the comic poet, was his paternal uncle, Theophrastus his preceptor, and Epicurus his intimate friend. Little is known of his...
- Menard
- I. A W. County Of Texas A W. County Of Texas, intersected by San Saba river; area, 870 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 667, of whom 372 were colored. The soil is fertile, and there is fine water power. Silver ...
- Menasseh Ben Israel
- Menasseh Ben Israel (properly Manasseh rex Joseph ben Israel), a Jewish rabbi, born in Portugal about 1(104, died in Middelburg, Zealan 1. Nov. 20, 1657. His father tied from the inquisition to Hollan...
- Mendoza
- I. A S. W. province of the Argentine Republic, bounded N. by San Juan, E. by San Luis, S. by the unsettled districts W. of Buenos Ayres, and W. by Chili, from which it is separated by the Andes; area,...
- Menhaden
- Menhaden, a North American fish of the herring family, and genus alosa (Cuv.), which differs from the herrings (duped) in having a deep notch in the centre of the upper jaw. This fish (A. menhaden, St...
- Mennonites
- Mennonites, a denomination of Protestants who reject infant baptism and baptize adult persons only on a profession of faith, and practise non-resistance and abstinence from oaths. They thus combine so...
- Menomonees, Or Menoniinees
- Menomonees, Or Menoniinees, a tribe of American Indians, belonging to the Algonquin family, and from their first discovery to the present century residing on the Menominee river, which empties into Gr...
- Menopoma
- Menopoma, a North American tailed batra-chian reptile, one of the series of animals which seem to connect the perennibranchiate amphibians with the salamanders. The genus menopoma was established by H...
- Menshikoff
- I. Alexander Daniloviteh Alexander Daniloviteh, prince, a Russian statesman, born in Moscow about 1672, died in Berezov, Siberia, Nov. 2, 1729. The son of poor parents, he was brought up without educ...
- Mensuration
- Mensuration, the art of measuring things which occupy space. This is the art which led to the formation of the science of geometry; and some schools of philosophy at the present day are inclined to li...
- Mentone (Fr. Menton)
- Mentone (Fr. Menton), a town of France, in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, on the gulf of Genoa, 12 m. N. E. of Nice; pop. about 10,000. It is on two small bays, called respectively the East and th...
- Mentz
- Men'Tz (Ger. Mainz; Fr. Mayence; anc. Mo-guntiacum), a fortified city of Germany, capital of Rhenish Hesse, on the left bank of the Rhine, nearly opposite its junction with the Main, 20 m. W. S. W. of...
- Mercer
- Mercer, the name of counties in eight of the United States. I. A W. County Of New Jersey A W. County Of New Jersey, bordering on Delaware river; area, 200 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 40,386. The surface i...
- Mercury
- Mercury, the planet nearest to the sun, travelling at a mean distance from it of about 35,392,000 m. The eccentricity of the orbit of Mercury is considerable, the centre of the orbit being more than 7...
- Mercury, Or Hermes
- Mercury, Or Hermes, an ancient deity of the Greeks and Romans. According to the Greek legend, he was a son of Jupiter and Maia, a daughter of Atlas. He was born in a cave of Mt. Cyllene, in Arcadia, w...
- Mercury, Or Inicksilver
- Mercury, Or Inicksilver, a metal of the coloor and lustre of silver, and fluid at ordinary temperatures, whence its ancient name of ar-aentnm ttrum, and that by which it was called by Aristotle and Th...
- Merganser
- Merganser, a name applied to most of the saw-billed ducks, of the subfamily mergina, of which the goosander, the largest specie-, has been described under that title. The bill is very slender, narrow,...
- Merian
- I. Mattbatis Mattbatis, the elder, a Swiss engraver, born in Basel in 1593, died in Frankfort in 1651. He studied four years in Zurich under Dietrich Meyer, a glass painter and engraver, lived severa...
- Merida
- Merida (anc. Augusta Emerita), a city of Estremadura, Spain, on the right bank of the Guadiana, in the province and 30 m. E. of the city of Badajoz; pop. about 5,000. The streets are paved and clean; ...
- Meriden
- Meriden, a town and city of New Haven co., Connecticut, on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford railroad, 18 m. N. E. of New Haven; pop. in 1850, 3,55!); in I860, 7,426; in 1870, 10,495. The city is ...
- Merivale
- I. John Herman John Herman, an English author, born in Exeter, Aug. 5, 1779, died April 25, 1844. He studied at St. John's college, Cambridge, but took no degree, on account of his being a Presbyteri...
- Meriwether Lewis
- Meriwether Lewis, an American explorer, born near Charlottesville, Va., Aug. 18, 1774, died near Nashville, Tenn., Oct, 11, 1809. He inherited a moderate fortune from his father, who died when he was ...
- Merlin
- Merlin, a European falcon, of the genus hy-potriorchis (Boie), which differs from the genus falco (Linn.) chiefly in the more lengthened and slender tarsi, and long slender toes. This bird (H. cesalon...
- Merodach, Or Bel Merodach
- Merodach, Or Bel Merodach, the second of the minor Babylonian gods, nearly corresponding with the classic Jupiter, and astronomically identified with the planet Jupiter. The name Merodach was at first...
- Meroe, A State
- A State Meroe, with a capital of the same name, forming part of the ancient kingdom of Ethiopia. It. is hardly possible to fix the site of the ancient city, much less to define the boundaries of the s...
- Merovingians
- Merovingians, the name of the first Frank-ish dynasty in Gaul or France. It was so called from Meroveus, king of the Ripuarian Franks (448-'58), who aided in the defeat of Attila in 451. He was succee...
- Merrimack
- Merrimack, a river of New England, formed by the junction of the Pemigewasset and Win-nepiseogee rivers at Franklin, N. II. From this point the river runs S. 78 m. to Chelmsford, Mass., and thence E. ...
- Mersey
- Mersey, a river of England, formed by the union of several small streams, which have their sources in the hills near the borders of Yorkshire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire. The two principal of these, the...
- Mesembryanthemum
- Mesembryanthemum (Gr. , mid day, and , a flower), a genus of succulent plants called fig marigolds, and by the French ticoides, as some species produce an edible fruit resembling a tig. The genus ...
- Meshed, Or Meshid
- Meshed, Or Meshid, a city of Persia, capital of the province of Khorasan, in an extensive valley of the same name, about 185 m. N. W. of Herat, 300 m. E. of the southern extremity of the Caspian sea, ...
- Mesopotamia
- Mesopotamia (Gr. and , between the rivers, viz., Euphrates and Tigris; Heb. Aram Naharaim, Aram or Syria between the two rivers; now Al-Jeziveh, the island), an ancient country of western Asia, bo...
- Messala, Or Messalla
- Messala, Or Messalla (Marcus Valerius Messala Corvixus), a Roman general, born according to Eusebius in 59, but according to Scaliger about 70 B. C, died about the beginning of the Christian era. He c...
- Messalina, Or Messallina
- Messalina, Or Messallina, the name of two Roman empresses, who lived in the 1st century of the Christian era. I. Valeria Valeria, daughter of M. Valerius Messala Barbaras, and third wife of Claudius...
- Messapia
- Messapia, the ancient Greek name of the peninsula forming the S. E. extremity of Italy, called by the Romans Calabria, a name applied in modern times to the opposite peninsula. (See Calabria.) The bou...
- Messenia, Or Messene
- Messenia, Or Messene, the S. W. division of the Peloponnesus in ancient Greece, bounded N. by Elis, from which it was separated by the river Neda, and Arcadia; E. by Laconia, the boundary line varying...
- Messina
- I. A Province Of Sicily A Province Of Sicily, including the N. E. extremity of the island, bordering on the Mediterranean and the strait of Messina, which separates it from Calabria; area, 1,768 sq. ...
- Metal
- Metal (Gr. ), a term including about 50 elementary substances which possess, either wholly or in part, certain well marked physical and chemical properties, of which the most universal and character...
- Metallurgy
- Metallurgy (Gr. , working metals), the science which treats primarily of the separation and isolation of the metals contained in their natural comhinations or associations, known as ores, and second...
- Metellus
- Metellus, a Roman plebeian family of the Caeeilia gens. The following are its most distinguished members. I. Lucius Csecilius Lucius Csecilius, commander against the Carthaginians in the first Punic...
- Metempsychosis
- Metempsychosis (Gr. , denoting change, and soul), the supposed transmigration of the soul from one body to another. It is a feature in Brahmanism and Buddhism, which represent the migration after...
- Meteor
- Meteor (Gr. lofty, in the air), any phenomenon of short duration occurring in the atmosphere. Rain, snow, hail, fog, and dew-are meteors distinguished as aqueous; the movements of the winds constitu...
- Meteorology
- Meteorology (Gr. , lofty, and discourse), the description and explanation of the phenomena peculiar to the atmosphere of the earth. On the atmosphere and its changes depend the development of ...
- Methodism
- Methodism, a form of church life and polity which originated in England during the 18th century. I. Early History And Principles The moral and religious condition of England at the beginning of the ...
- Metronome
- Metronome, an instrument for measuring time in music. It is a kind of pendulum whose centre of oscillation is beyond the point of suspension, contrived so that it may be easily carried about and place...
- Metsys, Or Messys, Quintin Matsys
- Metsys, Or Messys, Quintin Matsys, a Flemish painter, born in Louvain about 1460, or according to some authorities in Antwerp in 1450, died in Antwerp about 1530. He was brought up as a blacksmith, in...
- Metternich
- I. Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, prince, an Austrian statesman, born in Coblentz, May 15, 1773, died in Vienna, June 11, 1859. He first appeared in public life as maste...
- Mettray
- Mettray, an agricultural and penitentiary colony of France, in the department of Indre-et-Loire, 5 m. N. of Tours, on the railway to Le Mans. It is a celebrated establishment for the reformation of ju...
- Metz
- Metz, a fortified city of the German Reichs-land of Alsace-Lorraine, at the confluence of the Seille and Moselle, 80 m. W. N. W. of Strasburg; pop. in 1871, 51,388, which has been much diminished by F...
- Meurthe-Et-Moselle
- Meurthe-Et-Moselle, a N. E. department of France, in the old province of Lorraine, bordering on Belgium, Luxemburg, the German Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine, and the departments of Vosges and Meuse; a...
- Meuse
- Meuse (anc. Mosa; Dutch, Maas; Flem. Maese), a river which rises in the department of Haute-Marne in France, and, flowing mainly N. through Vosges, Meuse, and Ardennes, enters Belgium near Charlemont....
- Mexico
- Mexico (Estados Unidos de Mejico; Aztec, Mexitli), a federal republic occupying the S. W. portion of the continent of North America, between hit. 15 and 32 42' N., and Ion. 86 34' and 1...
- Mexico (2)
- Mexico, a state of the republic of the same name, bounded N. by Hidalgo, E. by Tlaxcala and Puebla, S. E. by Morelos, S. by Guerrero, and W. by Michoacan; area, 9,598 sq. m.; pop. in 1869, 650,663. Tw...
- Mexico (3)
- Mexico, a city and the capital of the republic and of the federal district (area, 85 sq. m.) of Mexico, situated in the centre of the valley of Mexico, and in the great central table land of the count...
- Meyendorff
- Meyendorff, a Russian family, originating in Saxony, and including among its members Pope Clement II. They settled in Livonia about 1200, and became Swedish barons in the 17th century. Subsequently th...
- Meyerheim
- I. Friedrich Eduard Friedrich Eduard, a German painter, born in Dantzic, Jan. 7, 1808. He studied at Berlin, and became a professor in the academy there. Many of his genre pictures, chiefly relating ...
- Mezquite (Aztec Mizquitl)
- Mezquite (Aztec Mizquitl), the Mexican name for prosopis glandulosa, which was formerly placed in the genus algarobia, a tree of the mimosa suborder of the leguminosw. The mezquite seldom grows more t...
- Mght Hawk
- Mght Hawk, a North American goatsucker of the subfamily caprimulgincn and genus chiordeiles (Swains.). In the C. Virginianus (Swains.) the length is 9½ in., and the extent of wings about 23½; the bill...
- Miami
- Miami, a river of Ohio, which rises in Hardin co., flows S. and S. W. for a distance estimated at 150 m., passing Troy, Dayton, and Hamilton, and falls into the Ohio river at the S. W. corner of the s...
- Mica (Lat. Micare
- Mica (Lat. Micare, to sparkle), in mineralogy, the name of a group of the silicates, distinguished by their remarkable lamellar structure, the elasticity of their laminos, and their half metallic lust...
- Micah
- Micah, one of the 12 minor prophets, who, according to the testimony of his book (i. 1), prophesied in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah (about 759-698 B. C). He was a native of M...
- Michael Adriaenszoon De Ruyter
- Michael Adriaenszoon De Ruyter, a Dutch admiral, born in Flushing, Zealand, in 1607, died in Syracuse, Sicily, April 29, 1676. He was apprenticed by his parents to a shoemaker at the age of 11 years, ...
- Michael Barclay De Tolly
- Michael Barclay De Tolly, prince, a Russian general, born in Livonia in 1759, died at Inster-burg in East Prussia, May 25, 1818. He was a descendant of the Scottish Barclays. Being adopted by Gen. Van...
- Michael Drayton
- Michael Drayton, an English poet, born in Hartshill, Warwickshire, in 1563, died in 1631. His life is involved in obscurity, and various unauthentic accounts of him are given. He is supposed to have s...
- Michael Ducas
- Michael Ducas, a Byzantine historian of the 15th century. He was a descendant of the family of the emperor Michael VII. (Ducas), and held a high position at the court of Con-stantine Palaeologus, the ...
- Michael Servetus
- Michael Servetus, a Spanish author, born at Villanueva, near Saragossa, in 1509, burned at the stake in Geneva, Oct. 27,1553. His proper Spanish name was Miguel Servedo. He studied law at Toulouse, bu...
- Michael William Balfe
- Michael William Balfe, an Irish composer, born in Dublin, May 15, 1808, died in London, Oct. 20, 1870. When eight years old he played a concerto on the violin at a public concert. At the age of nine h...
- Michaux
- I. Andre Andre, a French botanist, born in Versailles, March 7, 1746, died in Madagascar, Nov. 13, 1802. He studied under Bernard de Jussieu, and was afterward a pupil at thajardin des plantes, and a...
- Michel Chasles
- Michel Chasles, a French mathematician, born at Epernon, Nov. 15, 1703. After the completion of his studies in 1814 at the polytechnic school of Paris, he removed to Char-tres, where he obtained a pro...
- Michel Chevalier
- Michel Chevalier, a French political economist, born in Limoges, Jan. 13, 180G. He studied at the polytechnic and the mining schools, and was appointed engineer in the department of Le Nord. After the...
- Michel De Castelnai
- Michel De Castelnai, sieur de la Mauvissiere, a French soldier and diplomatist, born at Mauvissiere about 1520, died at Joinville in 1592. lie entered the army in 1547, and won the favor of Francis of...
- Michel De Lhopital, Or Lhospital
- Lhopital, Or Lhospital, Michel De, a French statesman, born at Aigueperse, Auvergne, about 1505, died near Etampes in March, 1573. He was made president of the court of accounts in 1554, and chancello...
- Michel Eugene Chevreul
- Michel Eugene Chevreul, a French chemist, born at Angers, Aug. 31, 1786. Having completed his studies in the central school of Angers, he studied chemistry under Vauquelin in Paris, and afterward took...
- Michel Montaigne
- Michel Montaigne, seigneur de, a French author, born at the chateau of Montaigne, in Perigord, Feb. 28, 1533, died there, Sept. 13, 1592. His father was an eccentric feudal baron. The young Montaigne ...
- Michele Carafa De Colobrano
- Michele Carafa De Colobrano, an Italian composer, born in Naples, Nov. 28, 1785, died in Paris, July 26,1872. He studied music under eminent masters, but enlisted in the Italian army, was captured by ...
- Michigan
- Michigan, one of the western states of the American Union, and the 13th admitted under the federal constitution, situated between lat. 41 45' and 48 20' N., and Ion. 82 25' and 90 ...